ArticlePloS one2017
Blood Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Originates from Microbiota Mediated Breakdown of Phosphatidylcholine and Absorption from Small Intestine.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic Value of Serum TMAO Measurement in Patients with STEMI: A Systematic Literature Review.Current vascular pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Microbial metabolite-driven mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to atherosclerosis: multi-omic and translational perspectives.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Signed, sealed, delivered: a generalizable model for living biotherapeutic dosing and metabolism.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Time Exposure and Fat Mass Reduction Drive Trimethylamine N-Oxide Modulation During a Very-Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Women with Obesity.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights from a multi-organ perspective.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine N-Oxide in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association between monosodium glutamate consumption with changes in gut microbiota and related metabolic dysbiosis-A systematic review.Food science & nutrition · 2024Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Multiple Chronic Diseases.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Duodenal microbiome in chronic kidney disease.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2024Article
- Changes in environmental and engineered conditions alter the plasma membrane lipidome of fractured shale bacteria.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Effect of fermented milkJournal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO: A Causal Factor Promoting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2022Review
- Gut Microbial Signatures of Distinct Trimethylamine N-Oxide Response to Raspberry Consumption.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Plasma and stool metabolomics to identify microbiota derived-biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: effect of PNPLA3 genotype.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2021Article
- Dietary Strategies for Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates.International journal of biological sciences · 2021Review
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: from role of gut microbiota to microbial-based therapies.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2020Review
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Systemic Hypertension: Gut Dysbiosis as the Mediator?Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2019Review
- Bioactive Synthetic-Bioinformatic Natural Product Cyclic Peptides Inspired by Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters from the Human Microbiome.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Elevated serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) was previously reported to be associated with an elevated risk for cardiovascular events. TMAO originates from the microbiota-dependent breakdown of food-derived phosphatidylcholine (PC) to trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases to TMAO. Our aim was to investigate the predominant site of absorption of the bacterial PC-breakdown product TMA. A healthy human proband was exposed to 6.9 g native phosphatidylcholine, either without concomitant treatment or during application with the topical antibiotic rifaximin, or exposed only to 6.9 g of a delayed-release PC formulation. Plasma and urine concentrations of TMA and TMAO were determined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (plasma) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (urine). Native PC administration without concomitant treatment resulted in peak plasma TMAO levels of 43 ± 8 μM at 12 h post-ingestion, which was reduced by concomitant rifaximin treatment to 22 ± 8 μM (p < 0.05). TMAO levels observed after delayed-release PC administration were 20 ± 3 μM (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the peak urinary concentration at 24 h post-exposure dropped from 252 ± 33 to 185 ± 31 mmol/mmol creatinine after rifaximin treatment. In contrast, delayed-release PC resulted in even more suppressed urinary TMAO levels after the initial 12-h observation period (143 ± 18 mmol/mmol creatinine) and thereafter remained within the control range (24 h: 97 ± 9 mmol/mmol creatinine, p < 0.001 24 h vs. 12 h), indicating a lack of substrate absorption in distal intestine and large bowel. Our results showed that the microbiota in the small intestine generated the PC breakdown product TMA. The resulting TMAO, as a cardiovascular risk factor, was suppressed by topical-acting antibiotics or when PC was presented in an intestinally delayed release preparation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.