ReviewRadiation oncology (London, England)2017
A review of substitute CT generation for MRI-only radiation therapy.
Review in Radiation oncology (London, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 170 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
170 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical validation of MR imaging time reduction for substitute/synthetic CT generation for prostate MRI-only treatment planning.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2023Trial
- MR-PROTECT: Clinical feasibility of a prostate MRI-only radiotherapy treatment workflow and investigation of acceptance criteria.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2020Trial
- Application of synthetic computed tomography based on a deep learning model in pelvic radiotherapy planning: A feasibility study.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Evaluation-design effects and reference-CT-defined HU-class errors in brain MRI-to-CT synthesis on SynthRAD2023: a technical note.Radiological physics and technology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of AI-based segmentation and synthetic CT generation for MRI-only prostate radiotherapy planning.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- CT image generation from ultrashort echo time MRI for dosimetric assessment in lung cancer radiotherapy.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Improvement of Soft Tissue Contrast and CT Number Accuracy in Proton Therapy CBCT With Hardware-based Scatter Suppression: Results From a Prospective Trial.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2026Article
- Image-based evaluation of a commercial AI synthetic CT generator for brain and prostate MR-only radiotherapy.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Impact of dose calculation algorithm on magnetic resonance imaging-only radiotherapy for prostate and glioma.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- A proof-of-concept study of multitask learning for cranial synthetic CT generation across heterogeneous MRI field strengths.Medical physics · 2026Article
- Synthetic CT imaging for pelvic and abdominal MR-only radiotherapy: Clinical validation on a 1.5T MR-Linac.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Step-by-step assessment of MRI-only workflow in pelvic radiotherapy: feasibility and practical implementation.La Radiologia medica · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence applications in adaptive radiotherapy-a narrative review.Translational cancer research · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Synthetic Computed Tomography in Prostate Cancer Carbon Ion Radiotherapy: Impact of Fixation Shell.International journal of particle therapy · 2026Article
- Development and implementation of an MRI-only simulation, planning, and treatment workflow for prostate radiotherapy using synthetic CT on MR-linac.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Dose Prediction Deep Learning-Based Model for VMAT of Prostate Cancer Applying Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) in Versa HD Linear Accelerator.Advanced biomedical research · 2026Article
- Knowledge-based deep residual U-Net (DRU) for synthetic CT generation using a single MR volume for frameless radiosurgery.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Personalised medicine through AI-enhanced integration of diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy.European radiology experimental · 2025Review
- Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging and deep learning-based synthetic computed tomography for calcified intradural tumors - importance of domain-specific training and validation of synthetic imaging methods for clinical application.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Observational
- Deep Learning for CT Synthesis in Radiotherapy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Radiotherapy based on magnetic resonance imaging as the sole modality (MRI-only RT) is an area of growing scientific interest due to the increasing use of MRI for both target and normal tissue delineation and the development of MR based delivery systems. One major issue in MRI-only RT is the assignment of electron densities (ED) to MRI scans for dose calculation and a similar need for attenuation correction can be found for hybrid PET/MR systems. The ED assigned MRI scan is here named a substitute CT (sCT). In this review, we report on a collection of typical performance values for a number of main approaches encountered in the literature for sCT generation as compared to CT. A literature search in the Scopus database resulted in 254 papers which were included in this investigation. A final number of 50 contributions which fulfilled all inclusion criteria were categorized according to applied method, MRI sequence/contrast involved, number of subjects included and anatomical site investigated. The latter included brain, torso, prostate and phantoms. The contributions geometric and/or dosimetric performance metrics were also noted. The majority of studies are carried out on the brain for 5-10 patients with PET/MR applications in mind using a voxel based method. T1 weighted images are most commonly applied. The overall dosimetric agreement is in the order of 0.3-2.5%. A strict gamma criterion of 1% and 1mm has a range of passing rates from 68 to 94% while less strict criteria show pass rates > 98%. The mean absolute error (MAE) is between 80 and 200 HU for the brain and around 40 HU for the prostate. The Dice score for bone is between 0.5 and 0.95. The specificity and sensitivity is reported in the upper 80s% for both quantities and correctly classified voxels average around 84%. The review shows that a variety of promising approaches exist that seem clinical acceptable even with standard clinical MRI sequences. A consistent reference frame for method benchmarking is probably necessary to move the field further towards a widespread clinical implementation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.