ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2017
Prokaryotic Heme Biosynthesis: Multiple Pathways to a Common Essential Product.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers.
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Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 329 citations in OpenAlex.
- Latent tuberculosis infection shapes gut microbiome and immune-metabolic interactions in people living with HIV.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Directed evolution of heme biosynthetic enzymes enabled by a growth-coupled heme biosensor inSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the active site cover of coproheme decarboxylase from Listeria monocytogenes.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Milestones in the Elucidation of Heme Biosynthesis.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- The Portuguese man-of-war genome reveals the genetic basis of medusa loss and sea-air interface adaptation.National science review · 2026Article
- Cross-regulation of amino acid synthesis and anaerobic electron transfer by MetR-mediated methionine signaling.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Inhibiting Bacterioferritin Iron Release Induces Iron Starvation and Metabolic Downshift, Potentiating Aminoglycosides inACS infectious diseases · 2026Article
- More than a ring: the emerging role of heme in angiogenesis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming promotesMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2026Article
- Rv3839-Rv3840 links the endogenous heme biosynthesis pathway with Mycobacterium tuberculosis adaptation to nitric oxide and iron limitation stress.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Response of Hemolytic and Photosynthetic Activity ofToxins · 2026Article
- Simultaneous Assessment of Chicken Freshness and Authenticity Using a Single Multispectral Imaging Device: A Cross-Laboratory Evaluation Using Identical Instruments.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a functional HemH ferrochelatase important for its survival in a heme-limited environment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The terminal heme synthetic enzyme, coproheme decarboxylase, negatively regulates heme uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Extremophile survives the transient pressures associated with impact-induced ejection from Mars.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Rv3839-Rv3840 links the endogenous heme biosynthesis pathway withbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial porphyrins in healthy skin: Microbiota components impact melanogenesis and age-related processes leading to Porphyr'ageing.International journal of cosmetic science · 2026Article
- Porphyrin pathways as targets for combating antimicrobial resistance: virulence and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- The role of conserved elements in an active site α-helix of coproheme decarboxylase.Journal of inorganic biochemistry · 2026Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The advent of heme during evolution allowed organisms possessing this compound to safely and efficiently carry out a variety of chemical reactions that otherwise were difficult or impossible. While it was long assumed that a single heme biosynthetic pathway existed in nature, over the past decade, it has become clear that there are three distinct pathways among prokaryotes, although all three pathways utilize a common initial core of three enzymes to produce the intermediate uroporphyrinogen III. The most ancient pathway and the only one found in the Archaea converts siroheme to protoheme via an oxygen-independent four-enzyme-step process. Bacteria utilize the initial core pathway but then add one additional common step to produce coproporphyrinogen III. Following this step, Gram-positive organisms oxidize coproporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrin III, insert iron to make coproheme, and finally decarboxylate coproheme to protoheme, whereas Gram-negative bacteria first decarboxylate coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX and then oxidize this to protoporphyrin IX prior to metal insertion to make protoheme. In order to adapt to oxygen-deficient conditions, two steps in the bacterial pathways have multiple forms to accommodate oxidative reactions in an anaerobic environment. The regulation of these pathways reflects the diversity of bacterial metabolism. This diversity, along with the late recognition that three pathways exist, has significantly slowed advances in this field such that no single organism's heme synthesis pathway regulation is currently completely characterized.
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