Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28122643›Full record

ArticleArthritis research & therapy2017

Identification of potential saliva and tear biomarkers in primary Sjögren's syndrome, utilising the extraction of extracellular vesicles and proteomics analysis.

Lara A Aqrawi, Hilde Kanli Galtung, Beate Vestad, Reidun Øvstebø, Bernd Thiede, Shermin Rusthen, Alix Young, Eduarda M Guerreiro, Tor Paaske Utheim, Xiangjun Chen and 3 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
133citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
7.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

133 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 223 citations in OpenAlex.

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  15. Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026
    Review
  16. Exosomes in corneal diseases: advances in diagnosis and therapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026
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73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Lara A AqrawiDepartment of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. l.a.aqrawi@odont.uio.no.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-842X
Hilde Kanli GaltungDepartment of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Beate VestadDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Reidun ØvstebøDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Bernd ThiedeDepartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Shermin RusthenDepartment of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Alix YoungDepartment of Cariology and Gerodontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Eduarda M GuerreiroDepartment of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Tor Paaske UtheimDepartment of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Xiangjun ChenThe Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway.
Øygunn Aass UtheimDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Øyvind PalmDepartment of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Janicke Liaaen JensenDepartment of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
University of Oslo · NOOslo University Hospital · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere is a long-lasting need for non-invasive, more accurate diagnostic techniques when evaluating primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. Incorporation of additional diagnostics involving screening for disease-specific biomarkers in biological fluid is a promising concept that requires further investigation. In the current study we aimed to explore novel disease biomarkers in saliva and tears from pSS patients.

methodsLiquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed on stimulated whole saliva and tears from 27 pSS patients and 32 healthy controls, and salivary and tear proteomic biomarker profiles were generated. LC-MS was also combined with size exclusion chromatography to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from both fluids. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was conducted on joint fractions from the saliva and tears to determine size distribution and concentration of EVs. Further EV characterisation was performed by immunoaffinity capture of CD9-positive EVs using magnetic beads, detected by flow cytometry. The LC-MS data were analysed for quantitative differences between patient and control groups using Scaffold, and the proteins were further analysed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), for gene ontology overrepresentation, and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins for protein-protein interaction network analysis.

resultsUpregulation of proteins involved in innate immunity (LCN2), cell signalling (CALM) and wound repair (GRN and CALML5) were detected in saliva in pSS. Saliva EVs also displayed biomarkers critical for activation of the innate immune system (SIRPA and LSP1) and adipocyte differentiation (APMAP). Tear analysis indicated overexpression of proteins involved in TNF-α signalling (CPNE1) and B cell survival (PRDX3). Moreover, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was upregulated in saliva and tears in pSS. Consistently, DAVID analysis demonstrated pathways of the adaptive immune response in saliva, of cellular component assembly for saliva EVs, and of metabolism and protein folding in tears in pSS patients.

conclusionsLC-MS of saliva and tears from pSS patients, solely and in combination with size-exclusion chromatography allowed screening for possible novel biomarkers encompassing both salivary and lacrimal disease target organs. This approach could provide additional diagnostic accuracy in pSS, and could possibly also be applied for staging and monitoring the disease.

Indexed as

AdultAgedBiomarkersChromatography, GelChromatography, LiquidExtracellular VesiclesFemaleHumansMaleMass SpectrometryMiddle AgedProtein Interaction MapsProteomeProteomicsSalivaSjogren's SyndromeBiomarkersProteomeAdaptive immunityAutoimmunityBiomarkersExtracellular vesiclesInflammationInnate immunityProteomicsSalivaSjögren’s syndromeTears

Identifiers

PMID28122643
PMCPMC5264463
OpenAlexW2580175309

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.