ArticlePloS one2017
Use of Morphometric Mapping to Characterise Symptomatic Chiari-Like Malformation, Secondary Syringomyelia and Associated Brachycephaly in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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29 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- 'Teleonomes in Tatters': The Welfare Costs of Selecting Dogs for Extreme Phenotypes, and the Case for Change.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- MRI-derived three-dimensional modelling reveals cervicothoracic subarachnoid space narrowing in syringomyelia-affected cavalier king charles spaniels.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study into the prevalence and conformational risk factors of BOAS across fourteen brachycephalic dog breeds.PloS one · 2026Article
- Contents under pressure: vascular proliferation and gliosis in the brains of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with syringomyelia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Epidemiological Data, Clinical Signs, Therapy and Outcome Evaluation in Dogs with Syringomyelia of Different Etiology.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- CT- and MRI-based volumetry for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Pomeranians.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians-Part II: Associations with Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- CT-based and manual external skull measurements for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Pomeranians.PloS one · 2024Article
- A data driven approach for soft tissue biomarker identification linked to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- CSF flow measurement in the mesencephalic aqueduct using 2D cine phase-contrast MRI in dogs with communicating internal hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, and physiologic ventricular spaces.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Article
- Are Two-Dimensional Morphometric Measures Reflective of Disease Severity in Adult Chiari I Malformation?World neurosurgery · 2022Observational
- Persistent fontanelles in Chihuahuas. Part II: Association with craniocervical junction abnormalities, syringomyelia, and ventricular volume.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
- Persistent fontanelles in Chihuahuas. Part I. Distribution and clinical relevance.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
- The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Mechanical quantitative sensory testing in cavalier King Charles spaniels with and without syringomyelia.BMC veterinary research · 2020Article
- Low Field MRI Measurements of the Normal Canine Trigeminal Nerve.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Facial changes related to brachycephaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation associated pain and secondary syringomyelia.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2020Article
- Using machine learning to understand neuromorphological change and image-based biomarker identification in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2019Article
- Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo characterise the symptomatic phenotype of Chiari-like malformation (CM), secondary syringomyelia (SM) and brachycephaly in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel using morphometric measurements on mid-sagittal Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) of the brain and craniocervical junction.
methodsThis retrospective study, based on a previous quantitative analysis in the Griffon Bruxellois (GB), used 24 measurements taken on 130 T1-weighted MRI of hindbrain and cervical region. Associated brachycephaly was estimated using 26 measurements, including rostral forebrain flattening and olfactory lobe rotation, on 72 T2-weighted MRI of the whole brain. Both study cohorts were divided into three groups; Control, CM pain and SM and their morphometries compared with each other.
resultsFourteen significant traits were identified in the hindbrain study and nine traits in the whole brain study, six of which were similar to the GB and suggest a common aetiology. The Control cohort had the most elliptical brain (p = 0.010), least olfactory bulb rotation (p = 0.003) and a protective angle (p = 0.004) compared to the other groups. The CM pain cohort had the greatest rostral forebrain flattening (p = 0.007), shortest basioccipital (p = 0.019), but a greater distance between the atlas and basioccipital (p = 0.002) which was protective for SM. The SM cohort had two conformation anomalies depending on the severity of craniocervical junction incongruities; i) the proximity of the dens (p <0.001) ii) increased airorhynchy with a smaller, more ventrally rotated olfactory bulb (p <0.001). Both generated 'concertina' flexures of the brain and craniocervical junction.
conclusionMorphometric mapping provides a diagnostic tool for quantifying symptomatic CM, secondary SM and their relationship with brachycephaly. It is hypothesized that CM pain is associated with increased brachycephaly and SM can result from different combinations of abnormalities of the forebrain, caudal fossa and craniocervical junction which compromise the neural parenchyma and impede cerebrospinal fluid flow.
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