ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2018
Mouthing activity data for children age 3 to <6 years old and fraction of hand area mouthed for children age <6 years old in Taiwan.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application of a computer vision algorithm to quantify the frequency and duration of children's microactivities in different play scenarios.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a computer vision algorithm for quantification of children's microactivities.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Videography of pathways for enteric pathogen exposure among children in urban informal settlements in Fiji and Indonesia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A characterization of infants' and children's time-activity patterns for use in soil and dust exposure estimation.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Investigating cement-based surfaces as a sustainable flooring solution to improve Ascaris Suum egg removal and inactivation in low-resource settings.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of six common respiratory pathogen infections in children.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Evaluating the survival and removal ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Development of nationally representative exposure factor database for children's products in Korea.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Hand-to-Face Contact of Preschoolers during Indoor Activities in Childcare Facilities in the Republic of Korea.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Estimation of Children's Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates and Health Risk at E-Waste Dismantling Area.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Model based prediction of age-specific soil and dust ingestion rates for children.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2022Article
- Intra- and Interlaboratory Evaluation of an Assay of Soil Arsenic Relative Bioavailability in Mice.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2020Article
- Determination of hand soil loading, soil transfer, and particle size variations after hand-pressing and hand-mouthing activities.The Science of the total environment · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Non-dietary ingestion is an important exposure pathway for children owing to their frequent hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth activities involving soil and dust contacts. We used videotaping and the computer-based translating methods to quantify the mouthing activity information for 24 children ages 3 to <6 years old living in Taiwan. We also reviewed the entire mouthing activity data collected during the project to determine the lesser studied information on hand surface areas mouthed by children ages <6 years old. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies were found to be 10 and 4.3 contacts/h, respectively. Hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact frequencies used in exposure assessments for children ages 3 to <6 years old in this study were similar to the recommended values reported in United States. Exposure Factors Handbook for comparable age US children. The average fractions of the hand area mouthed for children 6 to <12 months, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, and 3 to <6 years old were 0.12, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.09, respectively. The fraction of hand area mouthed by children was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with their age. About half of the total hand-to-mouth contact events involved immersion of part of a hand or a finger into the mouth. The findings from this study extend the available mouthing activity information for 3 to <6 years old children and also provide new data for an Asian country, allowing comparison of results with western values collected mostly in the United States.
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