ArticleSubstance abuse
Development of an opioid-related Overdose Risk Behavior Scale (ORBS).
Article in Substance abuse. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03933345 (Overdose Risk Management and Compensation in the Era of Naloxone), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Overdose Risk Management and Compensation in the Era of Naloxone
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Collaborative care intervention for risky opioid use among primary care patients: The STOP randomized clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Contingency Management and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Support Services (CoMPASS): A hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study to promote HIV risk reduction among people who inject drugs.Contemporary clinical trials · 2023Trial
- Syringe service program utilization, behavioral, and experiential factors associated with greater naloxone protection in a longitudinal cohort of people who use illicit opioids in New York city.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- A Mobile Health Application to Support Reductions in Overdose Risk Behaviors: A Pilot Study.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- Syringe Service Program Utilization, Behavioral, and Experiential Factors Associated with Greater Naloxone Protection in a Longitudinal Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Opioids in New York City.Research square · 2025Article
- Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Acceptability and Perceived Utility of Virtual Reality Among People Who Are Incarcerated Who Use Drugs.Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care · 2024Article
- Subthreshold opioid use disorder prevention (STOP) trial: a cluster randomized clinical trial: study design and methods.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
- Naloxone's role in the national opioid crisis-past struggles, current efforts, and future opportunities.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Validation of the Opioid Overdose Risk Behavior Scale, version 2 (ORBS-2).Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Between- and within-person associations between opioid overdose risk and depression, suicidal ideation, pain severity, and pain interference.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Illicit opioid use following changes in opioids prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain.PloS one · 2020Article
- Psychiatric symptoms and recent overdose among people who use heroin or other opioids: Results from a secondary analysis of an intervention study.Addictive behaviors reports · 2019Article
- Suicidal motivations reported by opioid overdose survivors: A cross-sectional study of adults with opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- Military veterans' overdose risk behavior: Demographic and biopsychosocial influences.Addictive behaviors · 2019Article
- Opioid-Involved Overdose Among Male Afghanistan/Iraq-Era U.S. Military Veterans: A Multidimensional Perspective.Substance use & misuse · 2017Article
- Recent Overdose Experiences in a Community Sample of Military Veterans Who Use Opioids.Journal of drug issues · 2017Article
- Opioid use disorder in pediatric populations: considerations for perioperative pain management and precision opioid analgesia.Expert review of clinical pharmacologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrug overdose has emerged as the leading cause of injury-related death in the United States, driven by prescription opioid (PO) misuse, polysubstance use, and use of heroin. To better understand opioid-related overdose risks that may change over time and across populations, there is a need for a more comprehensive assessment of related risk behaviors. Drawing on existing research, formative interviews, and discussions with community and scientific advisors an opioid-related Overdose Risk Behavior Scale (ORBS) was developed.
methodsMilitary veterans reporting any use of heroin or POs in the past month were enrolled using venue-based and chain referral recruitment. The final scale consisted of 25 items grouped into 5 subscales eliciting the number of days in the past 30 during which the participant engaged in each behavior. Internal reliability, test-retest reliability and criterion validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlations (ICC) and Pearson's correlations with indicators of having overdosed during the past 30 days, respectivelyInternal reliability, test-retest reliability and criterion validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlations (ICC) and Pearson's correlations with indicators of having overdosed during the past 30 days, respectively.
resultsData for 220 veterans were analyzed. The 5 subscales-(A) Adherence to Opioid Dosage and Therapeutic Purposes; (B) Alternative Methods of Opioid Administration; (C) Solitary Opioid Use; (D) Use of Nonprescribed Overdose-associated Drugs; and (E) Concurrent Use of POs, Other Psychoactive Drugs and Alcohol-generally showed good internal reliability (alpha range = 0.61 to 0.88), test-retest reliability (ICC range = 0.81 to 0.90), and criterion validity (r range = 0.22 to 0.66). The subscales were internally consistent with each other (alpha = 0.84). The scale mean had an ICC value of 0.99, and correlations with validators ranged from 0.44 to 0.56.
conclusionsThese results constitute preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the new scale. If further validated, it could help improve overdose prevention and response research and could help improve the precision of overdose education and prevention efforts.
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Registered trials
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