Observational studyChild development2018
Parenting and the Adjustment of Children Born to Gay Fathers Through Surrogacy.
Observational study in Child development, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Are the children alright? A systematic review of psychological adjustment of children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- ESHRE's key research priorities in infertility: maximizing impact on science, people and society†.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Exploring the intersection of gender identity and homoparental family structure: Implications for educational, family and personal well-being in Spanish students.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2025Article
- Neither Parents' Sex Nor the Type of Family Modulates Attentional Bias Toward Infant Faces: A Preliminary Study in Different-Sex and Same-Sex Parents.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Single fathers' experiences of using egg donation and surrogacy to start a family.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Prosocial and externalizing behaviors in children raised by different-and same-gender parent families: new directions in parenting research.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Children of Single Fathers Created by Surrogacy: Psychosocial Adjustment Considerations and Implications for Research and Practice.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Solo Fathers and Mothers: An Exploration of Well-Being, Social Support and Social Approval.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Pathways to fatherhood: evaluating the priorities of self-identified gay and bisexual men pursuing family building options.F&S reports · 2022Article
- What We Know and What Remains to Be Explored about LGBTQ Parent Families in Israel: A Sociocultural Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Love and Truth: What Really Matters for Children Born Through Third-Party Assisted Reproduction.Child development perspectives · 2021Article
- Different Placement Practices for Different Families? Children's Adjustment in LGH Adoptive Families.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Children with Trans Parents: Parent-Child Relationship Quality and Psychological Well-being.Parenting, science and practice · 2021Article
- Editorial: LGBTQ Parents and Their Children During the Family Life Cycle.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Stigma Experiences, Mental Health, Perceived Parenting Competence, and Parent-Child Relationships Among Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adoptive Parents in the United States.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Gay fathers' motivations for and feelings about surrogacy as a path to parenthood.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2017Article
- Attentional bias to infant faces might be associated with previous care experiences and involvement in childcare in same-sex mothers.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Findings are presented on a study of 40 gay father families created through surrogacy and a comparison group of 55 lesbian mother families created through donor insemination with a child aged 3-9 years. Standardized interview, observational and questionnaire measures of stigmatization, quality of parent-child relationships, and children's adjustment were administered to parents, children, and teachers. Children in both family types showed high levels of adjustment with lower levels of children's internalizing problems reported by gay fathers. Irrespective of family type, children whose parents perceived greater stigmatization and children who experienced higher levels of negative parenting showed higher levels of parent-reported externalizing problems. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of the role of family structure and family processes in child adjustment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.