ArticlePloS one2017
BUTIMBA: Intensifying the Hunt for Child TB in Swaziland through Household Contact Tracing.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of contact tracing in the control of infectious diseases: a systematic review.The Lancet. Public health · 2022Pooled it
- Prevention of tuberculosis in household members: estimates of children eligible for treatment.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2019Pooled it
- Contact tracing strategies for infectious diseases: A systematic literature review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Tuberculosis contact tracing, Angola.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- Caregivers' experiences and practices for malnourished children undergoing tuberculosis treatment in Eswatini.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2024Article
- Molecular investigations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes among baseline and follow-up strains circulating in four regions of Eswatini.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Contact Tracing and Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy for Household Child Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in the Kyrgyz Republic: How Well Are We Doing?Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Community-based tuberculosis contact management: Caregiver experience and factors promoting adherence to preventive therapy.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Vikela Ekhaya: A Novel, Community-based, Tuberculosis Contact Management Program in a High Burden Setting.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Scaling up investigation and treatment of household contacts of tuberculosis patients in Brazil: a cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Tuberculosis prevention in children: a prospective community-based study in South Africa.The European respiratory journal · 2021Observational
- Article
- Article
- Distinct Risk Factors for Clinical and Bacteriologically Confirmed Tuberculosis among Child Household Contacts in a High-Burden Setting.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- "Knock Knock": a qualitative study exploring the experience of household contacts on home visits and their attitude towards people living with TB in South Africa.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Risk of infection and disease progression in children exposed to tuberculosis at home, Colombia.Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia) · 2019Article
- Quality matters: Redefining child TB care with an emphasis on quality.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2019Article
- Implementation of screening and management of household contacts of tuberculosis cases in Daru, Papua New Guinea.Public health action · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLimited data exists to inform contact tracing guidelines in children and HIV-affected populations. We evaluated the yield and additionality of household contact and source case investigations in Swaziland, a TB/HIV high-burden setting, while prioritizing identification of childhood TB.
methodsIn partnership with 7 local TB clinics, we implemented standardized contact tracing of index cases (IC) receiving TB treatment. Prioritizing child contacts and HIV-affected households, screening officers screened contacts for TB symptoms and to identify risk factors associated with TB. We ascertained factors moderating the yield of contact tracing and measured the impact of our program by additional notifications.
resultsFrom March 2013 to November 2015, 3,258 ICs (54% bacteriologically confirmed; 70% HIV-infected; 85% adults) were enrolled leading to evaluation of 12,175 contacts (median age 18 years, IQR 24-42; 45% children; 9% HIV-infected). Among contacts, 196 TB cases (56% bacteriologically confirmed) were diagnosed resulting in a program yield of 1.6% for all forms of TB. The number needed to screen (NNS) to identify a bacteriologically confirmed TB case or all forms TB case traced from a child IC <5 years was respectively 62% and 40% greater than the NNS for tracing from an adult IC. In year one, we demonstrated a 32% increase in detection of bacteriologically confirmed child TB. Contacts were more likely to have TB if <5 years (OR = 2.0), HIV-infected (OR = 4.9), reporting ≥1 TB symptoms (OR = 7.7), and sharing a bed (OR = 1.7) or home (OR = 1.4) with the IC. There was a 1.4 fold increased chance of detecting a TB case in households known to be HIV-affected.
conclusionContact tracing prioritizing children is not only feasible in a TB/HIV high-burden setting but contributes to overall case detection. Our findings support WHO guidelines prioritizing contact tracing among children and HIV-infected populations while highlighting potential to integrate TB and HIV case finding.
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