ArticleJournal of women's health (2002)2017
Serum Progesterone Levels in Pregnant Women with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Case Control Study.
Article in Journal of women's health (2002), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with pregnancy-related health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2019Pooled it
- Questionnaire-Based Assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk During Pregnancy: Associations with Metabolic Parameters and Family History of Diabetes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Duration and mode of delivery: Does maternal sleep matter?International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Endocrinology and the Lung: Exploring the Bidirectional Axis and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy and its Impact on Maternal-Fetal Health: A Hidden Threat - Narrative Review.The open respiratory medicine journal · 2025Review
- Sex-dependent effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia: implication for obstructive sleep apnea.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Respiratory Mechanics in Pregnant Women with Obesity and Overweight.Lung · 2023Article
- Sleep Disturbances Across a Woman's Lifespan: What Is the Role of Reproductive Hormones?Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Review
- Common sleep disorders in pregnancy: a review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Poor sleep quality and associated factors among HIV-positive pregnant women in Northwest, Ethiopia: a facility-based, cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Female sex hormones and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in European women of a population-based cohort.PloS one · 2022Article
- The effect of weight and body mass index on serum progesterone values and live birth rate in cryopreserved in vitro fertilization cycles.F&S reports · 2021Article
- Maternal Sleep and Related Pregnancy Outcomes: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in 11 Provinces of Iran.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2021Article
- The Effect of Gender and Sex Hormones on Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure, Diabetes, and Atrial Fibrillation in Sleep Apnea.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- Cardiovascular Disease in Women Across the Lifespan: The Importance of Sleep.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Article
- Increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based cohort study.European journal of endocrinology · 2019Observational
- Progesterone Actions During Central Nervous System Development.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Review
- Snoring and markers of fetal and placental wellbeing.Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2018Article
- Gestational intermittent hypoxia increases susceptibility to neuroinflammation and alters respiratory motor control in neonatal rats.Respiratory physiology & neurobiology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPregnancy is a risk factor for sleep disordered breathing, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Progesterone, one of the key hormones in pregnancy, a known respiratory drive stimulant, increases ventilation and may protect against OSA. We aimed to examine the relationship between circulating progesterone and OSA, after accounting for body weight and gestational age.
methodsA case control study was conducted of pregnant women with OSA and those at low risk for the disorder. Cases were identified by ICD-9 code and review of medical record. Controls were identified if they scored zero (never) for snoring, apnea, and gasping on the multivariable apnea prediction index questionnaire immediately following delivery. Subjects with available stored first and/or second trimester residual serum samples were then included in this study and serum analyzed for progesterone. Raw progesterone levels were adjusted for the effects of gestational age and maternal weight.
resultsTwenty-seven cases and 64 controls with available serum were identified. Women with OSA had greater maternal weight and higher rates of related comorbidities, compared to controls. Progesterone levels correlated positively with gestational age and negatively with greater weight. Progesterone levels, adjusted for gestational age and maternal weight and expressed as multiples of median (MoM), were significantly lower in OSA cases compared to controls in both the first trimester (MoM = 0.71, confidence interval [95% CI] 0.60-0.83) relative to the MoM in controls of 1.00. In the second trimester levels were also lower in OSA cases (MoM = 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96) compared to the MoM of 1.00 in controls.
conclusionsProgesterone levels, after accounting for weight and gestational age, were lower in women with OSA than controls. Progesterone may play a protective role against OSA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.