ReviewMediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases2017
Cryoglobulin Test and Cryoglobulinemia Hepatitis C-Virus Related.
Review in Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum immunoglobulin free light chain levels in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- A case of hyperviscosity syndrome associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with membrane plasma exchange without predilution.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- Cryoglobulinemia Associated With Multiple Myeloma in a Dog Presenting With Epistaxis and Skin Lesions.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Developed after Sustained Virologic Response of Hepatitis C.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2023Article
- Multiphase Actuation of AC Electrothermal Micropump.Micromachines · 2023Article
- Cryoglobulinemia and double-filtration plasmapheresis: Personal experience and literature review.Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy · 2023Review
- A prospective study of direct-acting antiviral effectiveness and relapse risk in HCV cryoglobulinemic vasculitis by the Italian PITER cohort.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2022Article
- Cryoglobulins: Identification, classification, and novel biomarkers of mysterious proteins.Advances in clinical chemistry · 2021Review
- Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis: concerns in clinical practice.Chinese medical journal · 2019Review
- HCV-Associated Nephropathies in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Agents.Frontiers in medicine · 2019Review
- HCV-negative mixed cryoglobulinemia and kidney involvement: in-depth review on physiopathological and histological bases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate in serum at temperatures below 37°C and resolubilize upon warming. The clinical syndrome of cryoglobulinemia usually includes purpura, weakness, and arthralgia, but the underlying disease may also contribute other symptoms. Blood samples for cryoglobulin are collected, transported, clotted and spun at 37°C, before the precipitate is allowed to form when serum is stored at 4°C in a Wintrobe tube for at least seven days. The most critical and confounding factor affecting the cryoglobulin test is when the preanalytical phase is not fully completed at 37°C. The easiest way to quantify cryoglobulins is the cryocrit estimate. However, this approach has low accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, the precipitate should be resolubilized by warming to confirm that it is truly formed of cryoglobulins. The characterization of cryoglobulins requires the precipitate is several times washed, before performing immunofixation, a technique by which cryoglobulins can be classified depending on the characteristics of the detected immunoglobulins. These features imply a pathogenic role of these molecules which are consequently associated with a wide range of symptoms and manifestations. According to the Brouet classification, Cryoglobulins are grouped into three types by the immunochemical properties of immunoglobulins in the cryoprecipitate. The aim of this paper is to review the major aspects of cryoglobulinemia and the laboratory techniques used to detect and characterize cryoglobulins, taking into consideration the presence and consequences of cryoglobulinemia in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.