Trial reportBMC psychiatry2017
Diaphragmatic breathing during virtual reality exposure therapy for aviophobia: functional coping strategy or avoidance behavior? a pilot study.
Trial report in BMC psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02990208 (Diaphragmatic Breathing During Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Aviophobia), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Diaphragmatic Breathing During Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Aviophobia: Functional Coping Strategy or Avoidance Behavior? A Pilot Study
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrodermal Temperature-Adjusted Electrodermal Activity (EDA) for Stress Detection in Virtual Reality.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Aviophobia and its relationship to stress and epileptic-like symptoms: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Potential Drug Interaction Between Liraglutide and Clonazepam: A Case Report.Case reports in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Advocating for Action: Exploring the Potential of Virtual Reality in Breathing Exercise - A Review of The Clinical Applications.Patient preference and adherence · 2024Review
- Digitally Assisted Mindfulness in Training Self-Regulation Skills for Sustainable Mental Health: A Systematic Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Overcoming Fear of Flying: A Combined Approach of Psychopharmacology and Gradual Exposure Therapy.Cureus · 2023Article
- A transdiagnostic meta-analysis of acute augmentations to psychological therapy.Nature. Mental health · 2023Article
- Review of Psychophysiological and Psychotherapeutic Studies of Stress Using Virtual Reality Technologies.Neuroscience and behavioral physiology · 2023Article
- Breathing out dental fear: A feasibility crossover study on the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing in children sitting on the dentist's chair.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2022Article
- Clinical predictors of cybersickness in virtual reality (VR) among highly stressed people.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Look at the Audience? A Randomized Controlled Study of Shifting Attention From Self-Focus to Nonsocial vs. Social External Stimuli During Virtual Reality Exposure to Public Speaking in Social Anxiety.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Effect of Virtual Reality on Stress Reduction and Change of Physiological Parameters Including Heart Rate Variability in People With High Stress: An Open Randomized Crossover Trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Cognitive behavioural therapy in virtual reality treatments across mental health conditions: a systematic review.Consortium psychiatricum · 2020Review
- Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: a rapid review.F1000Research · 2020Review
- [Development of virtual reality as an exposure technique].Der Nervenarzt · 2019Review
- A Literature Overview of Virtual Reality (VR) in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Recent Advances and Limitations.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Review
- Causal Interactive Links Between Presence and Fear in Virtual Reality Height Exposure.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough there is solid evidence for the efficacy of in vivo and virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy for a specific phobia, there is a significant debate over whether techniques promoting distraction or relaxation have impairing or enhancing effects on treatment outcome. In the present pilot study, we investigated the effect of diaphragmatic breathing (DB) as a relaxation technique during VR exposure treatment.
methodTwenty-nine patients with aviophobia were randomly assigned to VR exposure treatment either with or without diaphragmatic breathing (six cycles per minute). Subjective fear ratings, heart rate and skin conductance were assessed as indicators of fear during both the exposure and the test session one week later.
resultsThe group that experienced VR exposure combined with diaphragmatic breathing showed a higher tendency to effectively overcome the fear of flying. Psychophysiological measures of fear decreased and self-efficacy increased in both groups with no significant difference between the groups.
conclusionsOur findings indicate that diaphragmatic breathing during VR exposure does not interfere with the treatment outcome and may even enhance treatment effects of VR exposure therapy for aviophobic patients.
trial registrationRetrospectively registered. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02990208 . Registered 07 December 2016.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.