ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2017
Formation of Fructose-Mediated Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Roles in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases.
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of advanced glycation end products and their receptors on the development and prognosis of colorectal cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of all types of beverages high in fructose with asthma in children and adolescents.BMC nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- A standardized fraction of Cajanus scarabaeoides attenuates diabetic nephropathy via antiglycation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic mechanisms.Journal of natural medicines · 2026Article
- Sugar Shockwaves: How the Fructose-Glucose-ChREBP Pathway Hijacks Liver Metabolism.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antiglycation of Insulin by Selected Six Bioactive Peanut Sprout Stilbenoids and Demonstration of Methylglyoxal-Mediated Biphasic Insulin Glycation byFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Bifidobacterium pseudolongum TISTR 2737 Supplementation Alleviates High Fructose-Induced Vascular Injury and Inflammation by Modulating eNOS Uncoupling, AGEs/RAGE Pathway, and NADPH Oxidase Expression.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- D-Ribose Glycation of Human High-Density Lipoprotein: Structural and Functional Alterations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploration and analysis of methylglyoxal-driven chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Cross-species fecal microbiota transplantation alters the carbohydrate metabolic phenotype: insights from Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus).BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Screening of Phytotoxins in Raw Honey and the Honey Sugar Matrix's Modulatory Effects on Their Toxicity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Complications.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Review
- Metformin Protects Human Insulin from Fructosylation: AnCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- The brain's sweet spot: why microglia can run on fructose metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metformin Protects Human Insulin from Fructosylation: AnCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Fish oil rich in ω-3 fatty acid alleviates long-term high fructose consumption-induced fatty liver and kidney dysfunction in rats.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2025Article
- Sulfated Polysaccharides From Gracilaria gracilis (Red Seaweed) Restores Testicular Glucose Metabolism by Improving FSH and Insulin Signaling in Rats With Type 2 Diabetes.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Article
- Immunomodulation and Mechanical Characterization of Manuka Honey-Incorporated Near-Field Electrospun Bioresorbable Vascular Grafts.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Limitations of boronate affinity chromatography for the specific enrichment of fructose-derived early glycation products in protein analytics.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Unraveling the complexities of diet induced obesity and glucolipid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fructose is associated with the biochemical alterations that promote the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. Its consumption has increased in parallel with MetS. It is metabolized by the liver, where it stimulates de novo lipogenesis. The triglycerides synthesized lead to hepatic insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Fructose-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be involved via the Maillard reaction. Fructose has not been a main focus of glycation research because of the difficulty in measuring its adducts, and, more importantly, because although it is 10 times more reactive than glucose, its plasma concentration is only 1% of that of glucose. In this focused review, I summarize exogenous and endogenous fructose metabolism, fructose glycation, and in vitro, animal, and human data. Fructose is elevated in several tissues of diabetic patients where the polyol pathway is active, reaching the same order of magnitude as glucose. It is plausible that the high reactivity of fructose, directly or via its metabolites, may contribute to the formation of intracellular AGEs and to vascular complications. The evidence, however, is still unconvincing. Two areas that have been overlooked so far and should be actively explored include the following: 1) enteral formation of fructose AGEs, generating an inflammatory response to the receptor for AGEs (which may explain the strong association between fructose consumption and asthma, chronic bronchitis, and arthritis); and 2) inactivation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase by a fructose-mediated increase in methylglyoxal flux (perpetuating lipogenesis, fatty liver, and insulin resistance). If proven correct, these mechanisms would put the fructose-mediated Maillard reaction in the limelight again as a contributing factor in chronic inflammatory diseases and MetS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.