ReviewCurrent opinion in virology2017
Immune history and influenza virus susceptibility.
Review in Current opinion in virology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 195 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative Immunogenicity of Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Impaired memory B-cell recall responses in the elderly following recurrent influenza vaccination.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus in summer of 2026 shows antigenic advance of H3N2 subclade K region D mutants and H1N1 D.3.1.1 Sa mutants.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- What Antibody Repertoires See: Structural and Immunogenetic Insights Into Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Recognition.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Alignment-free prediction of cross-reactivity in influenza A (H3N2) anticipates antigenic drift.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Repeated influenza vaccination results in blunting rather than back-boosting of antibody responses against A(H3N2) antigens.Research square · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses after influenza virus infection in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza virus neuraminidase are shaped by immune history.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine responses differ between young children previously exposed to influenza antigens via infection versus vaccination.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Stabilization of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin improves vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses in mice.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Mapping the specificity of H3N2 strain-specific and cross-reactive human neutralizing antibodies elicited by the 2025-2026 influenza vaccine.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.Virus evolution · 2026Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antibody responses to influenza viruses are critical for protection, but the ways in which repeated viral exposures shape antibody evolution and effectiveness over time remain controversial. Early observations demonstrated that viral exposure history has a profound effect on the specificity and magnitude of antibody responses to a new viral strain, a phenomenon called 'original antigenic sin.' Although 'sin' might suppress some aspects of the immune response, so far there is little indication that hosts with pre-existing immunity are more susceptible to viral infections compared to naïve hosts. However, the tendency of the immune response to focus on previously recognized conserved epitopes when encountering new viral strains can create an opportunity cost when mutations arise in these conserved epitopes. Hosts with different exposure histories may continue to experience distinct patterns of infection over time, which may influence influenza viruses' continued antigenic evolution. Understanding the dynamics of B cell competition that underlie the development of antibody responses might help explain the low effectiveness of current influenza vaccines and lead to better vaccination strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.