Trial reportPloS one2017
Definition of Human Epitopes Recognized in Tetanus Toxoid and Development of an Assay Strategy to Detect Ex Vivo Tetanus CD4+ T Cell Responses.
Trial report in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein/AS01Cell reports. Medicine · 2021Trial
- Pre-existing antibodies predict protection while mucosal inflammation correlates with symptomaticmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Human CD4+ T cells recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages amid broader responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Th1 polarization in Bordetella pertussis vaccine responses is maintained through a positive feedback loop.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Th1 polarization inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- T cell reactivity to Bordetella pertussis is highly diverse regardless of childhood vaccination.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Unaltered T cell responses to common antigens in individuals with Parkinson's disease.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2023Article
- Antigen-specificity measurements are the key to understanding T cell responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- Defining antigen targets to dissect vaccinia virus and monkeypox virus-specific T cell responses in humans.Cell host & microbe · 2022Article
- In-silico study of influence of HLA heterogeneity on CTL responses across ethnicities to SARS-CoV-2.Human immunology · 2022Article
- Immunological memory to common cold coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period pre-COVID19 pandemic.Cell host & microbe · 2022Article
- Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022Article
- Design and validation of HIV peptide pools for detection of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.PloS one · 2022Article
- T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate withFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- HLA-DR3 restricted environmental epitopes from the bacteriumFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- CD4+CCR6+ T cells dominate the BCG-induced transcriptional signature.EBioMedicine · 2021Article
- Profiling Human Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cell Responses Reveals Novel Immunogenic Open Reading Frames.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Heterogeneity of magnitude, allergen immunodominance, and cytokine polarization of cockroach allergen-specific T cell responses in allergic sensitized children.Clinical and translational allergy · 2021Article
- Differential T-Cell Reactivity to Endemic Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Community and Health Care Workers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite widespread uses of tetanus toxoid (TT) as a vaccine, model antigen and protein carrier, TT epitopes have been poorly characterized. Herein we defined the human CD4+ T cell epitope repertoire by reevaluation of previously described epitopes and evaluation of those derived from prediction of HLA Class II binding. Forty-seven epitopes were identified following in vitro TT stimulation, with 28 epitopes accounting for 90% of the total response. Despite this diverse range of epitopes, individual responses were associated with only a few immunodominant epitopes, with each donor responding on average to 3 epitopes. For the top 14 epitopes, HLA restriction could be inferred based on HLA typing of the responding donors. HLA binding predictions re-identified the vast majority of known epitopes, and identified 24 additional novel epitopes. With these epitopes, we created a TT epitope pool, which allowed us to characterize TT responses directly ex vivo using a cytokine-independent Activation Induced Marker (AIM) assay. These TT responses were highly Th1 or Th2 polarized, which was dependent upon the original priming vaccine, either the cellular DTwP or acellular DTaP formulation. This polarization remained despite the original priming having occurred decades past and a recent booster immunization with a reduced acellular vaccine formulation. While TT responses following booster vaccination were not durably increased in magnitude, they were associated with a relative expansion of CD4+ effector memory T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.