Trial reportPloS one2017
Increased Serum Sodium and Serum Osmolarity Are Independent Risk Factors for Developing Chronic Kidney Disease; 5 Year Cohort Study.
Trial report in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- 24 h severe fluid restriction increases a biomarker of renal injury in healthy males.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Fructose increases risk for kidney stones: potential role in metabolic syndrome and heat stress.BMC nephrology · 2018Trial
- Serum sodium, tonicity, and risk of dementia in cohort and healthcare populations.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Impact of recurrent dehydration with mild periodic water restriction on blood pressure and renal function in male spontaneously hypertensive rats.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Elevated calculated serum osmolality during acute gout attacks is associated with pain severity and systemic ınflammation: a retrospective paired observational study.Rheumatology international · 2026Observational
- The Relationship of Osmolality and Kidney Outcomes in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.Kidney360 · 2026Article
- Heart failure risk prediction based on machine learning and interpretability analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Overactive bladder phenotype induced by chronic activation of hypothalamic neuroendocrine stress pathways in rats with no extrinsic behavioral stress applied.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between serum osmolality and chronic kidney disease prevalence: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2018.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Factors associated with hypertonic dehydration in older Japanese outpatients.Journal of general and family medicine · 2025Article
- Machine learning prediction and SHAP interpretability analysis of heart failure risk in patients with hyperuricemia.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Serum adropin levels as a potential biomarker for predicting diabetic kidney disease progression.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Serum Osmolality as a Predictor of Renal Function Decline: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The U-shaped association between serum osmolality and 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study.Infection · 2024Article
- Association between serum osmolality and deteriorating renal function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: analysis of the MIMIC- IV database.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Article
- A study on the early metabolic effects of salt and fructose consumption: the protective role of water.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Ten tips on how to care for your CKD patients in episodes of extreme heat.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Review
- Long-term health outcomes associated with hydration status.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Mannose and glycine: Metabolites with potentially causal implications in chronic kidney disease pathogenesis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Dysuricemia-A New Concept Encompassing Hyperuricemia and Hypouricemia.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEpidemics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) not due to diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension have been observed among individuals working in hot environments in several areas of the world. Experimental models have documented that recurrent heat stress and water restriction can lead to CKD, and the mechanism may be mediated by hyperosmolarity that activates pathways (vasopressin, aldose reductase-fructokinase) that induce renal injury. Here we tested the hypothesis that elevated serum sodium, which reflects serum osmolality, may be an independent risk factor for the development of CKD.
methodsThis study was a large-scale, single-center, retrospective 5-year cohort study at Center for Preventive Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between 2004 and 2009. We analyzed 13,201 subjects who underwent annual medical examination of which 12,041 subjects (age 35 to 85) without DM and/or CKD were enrolled. This analysis evaluated age, sex, body mass index, abdominal circumference, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, fasting glucose, BUN, serum sodium, potassium, chloride and calculated serum osmolarity.
resultsElevated serum sodium was an independent risk factor for development of CKD (OR: 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00-1.07) after adjusted regression analysis with an 18 percent increased risk for every 5 mmol/L change in serum sodium. Calculated serum osmolarity was also an independent risk factor for CKD (OR: 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.05) as was BUN (OR: 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.10) (independent of serum creatinine).
conclusionsElevated serum sodium and calculated serum osmolarity are independent risk factors for developing CKD. This finding supports the role of limiting salt intake and preventing dehydration to reduce risk of CKD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.