SynthesisHypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension2017
Definition of pediatric hypertension: are blood pressure measurements on three separate occasions necessary?
Synthesis in Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of high blood pressure and hypertension among children and adolescents in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of disease in childhood · 2026Pooled it
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2019Guideline
- Performance of modified blood pressure-to-height ratio for identifying hypertension in Chinese and American children.Journal of human hypertension · 2018Trial
- Prevalence and predictors of pediatric high blood pressure: an Egyptian school-based survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Untargeted metabolomics identifies altered metabolome contributing to hypertension in late adolescents.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Hypertension in Chinese children: prevalence, phenotypes, stages, and associations with healthy lifestyles from a multi-visit study.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension based on repeat measurements among school-going adolescents in Central India.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Blood pressure in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study.The Medical journal of Australia · 2025Article
- Measurement of Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents Outside the Office for the Diagnosis of Hypertension.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Association of Dietary Intake of Vitamin A With Adolescent Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 1999-2018.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Relationship Among Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Blood Pressure in Portuguese Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence of childhood hypertension and associated factors in Zhejiang Province: a cross-sectional analysis based on random forest model and logistic regression.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Screening and Management of Pediatric High Blood Pressure-Challenges to Implementing the Clinical Practice Guideline.Current hypertension reports · 2024Review
- High blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Environments affect blood pressure in toddlers: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Assessment of Elevated Blood Pressure for Screening and Early Detection in Children 6 to 9 Years of Age in the Valencian Community: ANIVA Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Change in Prevalence of Hypertension among Korean Children and Adolescents during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Population-Based Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Joint statement for assessing and managing high blood pressure in children and adolescents: Chapter 1. How to correctly measure blood pressure in children and adolescents.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Editorial: Dietary and lifestyle factors associated with hypertension among children and adolescents.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The US Fourth Report (2004) recommended that elevated blood pressure (BP) on at least three occasions should be used to define hypertension in children and adolescents. However, there is no sufficient evidence to support this decision. This study aimed to assess the change in the prevalence of elevated BP obtained on three separate visits in children and adolescents worldwide using a meta-analysis. The PubMed database was searched for eligible studies published in English until 20 April 2016. Included studies were population based and reported on the prevalence of elevated BP measured on two or three separate occasions in pediatric populations. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate a summary prevalence of elevated BP over three different visits. A total of 21 studies with 179 561 participants aged 3-20 years were included in the present meta-analysis. The summary prevalence of elevated BP decreased across visits, from 12.1% (95% confidence interval (CI)=10.1-14.0%) during the first visit to 5.6% (95% CI=4.3-7.0%) during the second visit and to 2.7% (95% CI=2.1-3.3%) during the third visit. These findings were independent of sex, age group, ethnicity/race and the definition of elevated BP. When compared with visit 1, the prevalence of elevated BP decreased by 53.7% during visit 2 and by 77.7% during visit 3. Our study suggested that the prevalence of elevated BP decreased substantially from the first visit to the subsequent visits. Worldwide, the true prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents is ~3% over three different visits.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.