Trial reportPloS one2017
A Randomized Trial Examining Housing First in Congregate and Scattered Site Formats.
Trial report in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Targeted interventions to improve the social and economic circumstances of people with mental ill-health from marginalised communities: a systematic review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Community-based models of care facilitating the recovery of people living with persistent and complex mental health needs: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of Housing First approaches on health and well-being of adults who are homeless or at risk of homelessness: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2019Pooled it
- Health outcomes related to the provision of free, tangible goods: A systematic review.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Beyond Supported Housing: Correlates of Improvements in Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults with Mental Illness.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2023Trial
- The association between experiencing homelessness in childhood or youth and adult housing stability in Housing First.BMC psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Social Health Among Individuals Living with Mental Illness During the Transition To Permanent Supportive Housing: A Scoping Review.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Models of housing and support to reduce risks of COVID-19 infection and homelessness: the moving on pilot randomised controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Housing First for Youth Who Experience Homelessness: A Systematic Review.Urban affairs review (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Addressing social determinants of health in individuals with mental disorders in clinical practice: review and recommendations.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- High support housing for people with serious mental illness in Canada: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Perceived Higher Unmet Care Needs among Adults in Permanent Supportive Housing.Administration and policy in mental health · 2024Article
- Placement into Scattered-Site or Place-Based Permanent Supportive Housing in Los Angeles County, CA, During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Administration and policy in mental health · 2024Observational
- Service Provider Perspectives on the Differences between Place-Based and Scattered-Site Permanent Supportive Housing in Los Angeles County after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Health & social care in the community · 2024Article
- Profiles of Permanent Supportive Housing Residents Related to Their Housing Conditions, Service Use, and Associated Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2024Article
- The effectiveness of abstinence-based and harm reduction-based interventions in reducing problematic substance use in adults who are experiencing homelessness in high income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis: A systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Review
- Association of homelessness and psychiatric hospital readmission-a retrospective cohort study 2016-2020.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Exploring the effect of case management in homelessness per components: A systematic review of effectiveness and implementation, with meta-analysis and thematic synthesis.Campbell systematic reviews · 2023Review
- Investigating the Comparative Effectiveness of Place-Based and Scatter-Site Permanent Supportive Housing for People Experiencing Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocols for a Mixed Methods, Prospective Longitudinal Study.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveNo previous experimental trials have investigated Housing First (HF) in both scattered site (SHF) and congregate (CHF) formats. We hypothesized that CHF and SHF would be associated with a greater percentage of time stably housed as well as superior health and psychosocial outcomes over 24 months compared to treatment as usual (TAU).
methodsInclusion criteria were homelessness, mental illness, and high need for support. Participants were randomised to SHF, CHF, or TAU. SHF consisted of market rental apartments with support provided by Assertive Community Treatment (ACT). CHF consisted of a single building with supports equivalent to ACT. TAU included existing services and supports.
resultsOf 800 people screened, 297 were randomly assigned to CHF (107), SHF (90), or TAU (100). The percentage of time in stable housing over 24 months was 26.3% in TAU (reference; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 20.5, 32.0), compared to 74.3% in CHF (95% CI = 69.3, 79.3, p<0.001) and 74.5% in SHF (95% CI = 69.2, 79.7, p<0.001). Secondary outcomes favoured CHF but not SHF compared to TAU.
conclusionHF in scattered and congregate formats is capable of achieving housing stability among people experiencing major mental illness and chronic homelessness. Only CHF was associated with improvement on select secondary outcomes. REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN57595077.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.