ArticleOncology reports2017
Spirulina lipopolysaccharides inhibit tumor growth in a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner by altering the cytokine milieu from interleukin-17/interleukin-23 to interferon-γ.
Article in Oncology reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the Potential Link Between Autoimmune Diseases and Pan-Cancer: A Multidatabase Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Journal of immunology research · 2025Pooled it
- Spirulina and Its Bioactive Compounds as Multi-Target Anticancer Agents: Mechanisms, Immune Modulation, and Translational Potential.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploring Microalgae as a Novel Resource for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Microbiota-derived metabolites in tumorigenesis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Characterization of Spirulina-derived extracellular vesicles and their potential as a vaccine adjuvant.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of spirulina and thymoquinone mitigate the methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Article
- Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health-A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Functional immune boosters; the herb or its dead microbiome? Antigenic TLR4 agonist MAMPs found in 65 medicinal roots and algae's.Journal of functional foods · 2023Article
- Plants against cancer: the immune-boosting herbal microbiome: not of the plant, but in the plant. Basic concepts, introduction, and future resource for vaccine adjuvant discovery.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Helicobacter pylori infection is correlated with the incidence of erosive oral lichen planus and the alteration of the oral microbiome composition.BMC microbiology · 2021Article
- The effects of immunostimulatory herbal supplements on autoimmune skin diseases.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2021Review
- Efficacy of co-immunization with the DNA and peptide vaccines containing SYCP1 and ACRBP epitopes in a murine triple-negative breast cancer model.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- IL-17 and IL-23 levels in patients with early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2021Article
- Omics for Bioprospecting and Drug Discovery from Bacteria and Microalgae.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- The efficacy of dietary Spirulina as an adjunct to chemotherapy to improve immune function and reduce myelosuppression in patients with malignant tumors.Translational cancer research · 2019Article
- Suhuang Antitussive Capsules-Ameliorative Effects on LPS-Induced Sputum Obstruction in Mice Through Promoting HGF Secretion.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Th17 cells and the cytokine they produce, interleukin (IL)-17, play an important role in tumor progression in humans and in mice. IL-6 and IL-23 are critical cytokines for the differentiation and propagation of Th17 cells, respectively. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to stimulate immune cells to produce such inflammatory cytokines. Contrary to Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, LPS from Spirulina has low toxicity and barely induces in vivo production of IL-6 and IL-23 in mice. We examined the antitumor effects of Spirulina LPS compared to E. coli LPS in an MH134 hepatoma model. Administration of Spirulina LPS suppressed tumor growth in C3H/HeN mice, but not in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mutant C3H/HeJ mice, by reducing serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23, while increasing interferon (IFN)-γ levels. The antitumor activity and IFN-γ production were mediated by T cells. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that Spirulina LPS impaired the antigen-presenting function that supports the generation of IL-17-producing cells in a toll-like receptor (TLR)4-dependent manner. Of note, injection of anti-IL-17 antibody in tumor-bearing C3H/HeN mice in the absence of Spirulina LPS markedly suppressed tumor growth and augmented IFN-γ responses. Thus, our results support the notion that IFN-γ and IL-17/IL-23 mutually regulate Th17 and Th1 responses in tumor-bearing hosts, and Spirulina LPS modulates the balance of the IFN-γ-IL-17/IL-23 axis towards IFN-γ production, which leads to tumor inhibition. Furthermore, Spirulina LPS effectively inhibited the spontaneous development of mammary tumors. This study has important implications for the exploitation of TLR-based immunomodulators for cancer immunotherapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.