ArticleMedicine2017
Smoking and incidence of glaucoma: The SUN Cohort.
Article in Medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tobacco smoking is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Background polygenic risk modulates the association between glaucoma and cardiopulmonary diseases and measures: an analysis from the UK Biobank.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Pooled it
- Association of dry eye disease with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Topical Timolol and Latanoprost on Calculated Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Nonglaucomatous Volunteers.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2021Trial
- Association between alcohol and tobacco use and primary open-angle glaucoma: the Eyes of Africa study.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Article
- Smoking and Risk of Vision Threatening Complications: A Global Database Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Cigarette Smoke and a Heated Tobacco Product on Corneal Oxidative Stress in an Air/Liquid Interface Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Effects of cigarette smoking on retinal thickness and choroidal vascularity index: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Review
- Association between obstructive sleep apnea and glaucoma.Korean journal of family medicine · 2025Article
- Association between oxidative balance score and glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Social history and glaucoma progression: the effect of body mass index, tobacco and alcohol consumption on the rates of structural change in patients with glaucoma.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Effect of the Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) on the Progression of Retinal Disease: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Former smoking as a risk factor for visual field progression in exfoliation glaucoma patients in Sweden.European journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Evaluating the risk of new-onset glaucoma in chronic kidney disease patients: a nationwide cohort study.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Aqueous humor perturbations in chronic smokers: a proteomic study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Assessment of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in Spain: A scoping review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2023Observational
- Impact of smoking on choroidal microvasculature dropout in glaucoma: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Impact of cigarette smoking on fluorescence lifetime of ocular fundus.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking is a serious global public health concern that has been related to many chronic diseases. However, the effect of smoking on eye disorders has been less studied. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the association between current tobacco smokers and the risk of developing glaucoma and furthermore to evaluate the relationship between passive or former smokers and glaucoma.In this prospective and dynamic cohort, 16,797 participants initially who were found not to have glaucoma were followed up for a median of 8.5 years. Validated data on lifestyle, including tobacco consumption, were assessed at baseline. Information about new diagnosis of glaucoma was collected by follow-up questionnaires every 2 years. The outcome was the incidence of self-reported glaucoma during the follow-up. A subsample was used to validate the glaucoma diagnosis.During the 8.5 years of follow-up, 184 new glaucoma cases were identified. Current smokers had a significantly higher risk of glaucoma compared to participants who had never smoked after controlling for potential confounders (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.88 [95% coefficient interval (CI): 1.26-2.81]; P = 0.002). A nonsignificant increased risk was found among former smokers (HR 1.27 [95% CI: 0.88-1.82]; P = 0.198). When we assessed the exposure as per the number of cigarette pack-years, a dose-response relationship between pack-years and the risk of glaucoma was found (HR for the 5th quintile versus the 1st quintile: 1.70 [95% IC: 1.10-2.64], P for trend, 0.009). However, no relationship was found between passive smokers and glaucoma. (HR 0.67 [95% CI: 0.37-1.21]; P = 0.189).Our results suggest a direct association between current smokers and the incidence of glaucoma. In particular, this association was related to the number of pack-years, which was not found in the case of former smokers nor in the case of passive smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.