ReviewIndian journal of pharmacology
Pain on propofol injection: Causes and remedies.
Review in Indian journal of pharmacology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- RemimazolamPeerJ · 2026Pooled it
- Optimal dosing of ciprofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of ciprofol versus propofol for anesthesia in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscope: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT).BMC anesthesiology · 2025Pooled it
- The safety and efficacy of remimazolam, ciprofol, and propofol anesthesia in endoscopy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Pooled it
- Potential of ciprofol as an alternative to propofol in elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison of the safety of remimazolam and propofol during general anesthesia in elderly patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Ciprofol Versus Propofol for Sedation in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in a Chinese Population.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Pooled it
- The efficacy of ciprofol versus propofol on anesthesia in patients undergoing endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Pooled it
- Analysis of the efficacy of subclinical doses of esketamine in combination with propofol in non-intubated general anesthesia procedures - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC anesthesiology · 2023Pooled it
- RemimazolamPeerJ · 2023Pooled it
- Ciprofol versus propofol for sedation in colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier)Pooled it
- Prevention of Pain on Propofol Injection: A Comparison of Pretreatment with 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 Antagonists Granisetron, Ondansetron, and Ramosetron.Annals of African medicine · 2026Trial
- Remimazolam vs. midazolam sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in adults ≥ 65 years: Randomized controlled trial.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Comparison of Ciprofol-Nalbuphine and Propofol-Nalbuphine Sedation During Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of Remimazolam for Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Renal Allograft Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Comparison of Ciprofol and Propofol on Postoperative Quality of Recovery and Intraoperative Cerebral Oxygen Saturation in Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Thoracic Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for sedation/anesthesia in patients undergoing hysteroscopy: a prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial.Annals of medicine · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate in elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia for bronchoscopy. A randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of remimazolam and propofol for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in older patients: a prospective, randomized controlled study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Trial
- Young, Healthy, Underweight Women Require Higher Effective Doses of Propofol for Successful Gastroscope Insertion: a Dose-Finding Study Using Dixon's Up-and-Down Method.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pain on propofol injection (POPI) is a minor problem that all anesthetists face every day. Introduction of several new formulations and hundreds of clinical trials have failed to find its remedy with just one intervention in all patients. This article highlights the causes of POPI and interventions that are used to eliminate this pain in current practice. Relevant articles from Medline and Embase databases were searched and included in this descriptive review with the following conclusions: (1) POPI is due to irritation of venous adventitia leading to release of mediators such as kininogen from kinin cascade. (2) When two or more drugs or measures are used, the incidence of POPI decreases considerably. Hence, the approach to eliminating POPI should be multimodal. (3) Any regimen that includes a drug having local anesthetic effect combined with central sedative/analgesic and rapid injection into a large vein should definitely reduce the risk of POPI to negligible levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.