ArticleJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2016
A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer.
Article in Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conserved Metastatic Cell States and Spatial Immune Microenvironment Remodeling Define Pancreatic Cancer Liver Metastases.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Regulating the dormancy of cancer stem cells: a novel approach to preventing cancer relapse.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Preclinical models of breast cancer metastasis: strengths, limitations, and clinical relevance.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Review
- Anti-CSF-1R therapy with combined immuno-chemotherapy coordinate an adaptive immune response to eliminate macrophage enriched triple negative breast cancers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Experimental models of pancreas cancer: what has been the impact for precision medicine?The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- From lab to life: technological innovations in transforming cancer metastasis detection and therapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Potentiating the effect of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer using gas-entrapping materials.Biomaterials · 2025Article
- Modelling metastasis in a dish:Pathology oncology research : POR · 2025Review
- Leveraging preclinical models of metastatic breast cancer.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer · 2024Review
- State of the Art Modelling of the Breast Cancer Metastatic Microenvironment: Where Are We?Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Establishment of cell culture model and humanized mouse model of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Ultrasound-guided hepatic portal vein injection is not a reproducible technique for delivery of cell therapies to the liver in mice.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2023Article
- Sensitive, non-immunogenicCell stress · 2023Article
- RP11-296E3.2 acts as an important molecular chaperone for YBX1 and promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis by activating STAT3.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Development of minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models for characterizing cellular kinetics of CAR T cells following local deliveries in mice.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2022Article
- Overexpression of FOXC1 Promotes Tumor Metastasis by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Gastric Cancer.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2022Article
- Ageing related thyroid deficiency increases brain-targeted transport of liver-derived ApoE4-laden exosomes leading to cognitive impairment.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Dendritic cell paucity in mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer liver metastases limits immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Reversing an Oncogenic Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Program in Breast Cancer Reveals Actionable Immune Suppressive Pathways.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 μl, ≥ 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of ≤ 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and > 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.