ArticleeNeuro
Validity Assessment of 5 Day Repeated Forced-Swim Stress to Model Human Depression in Young-Adult C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ Mice.
Article in eNeuro. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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30 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adaptation to Preceding Acute Psychological Stress is Associated With Subsequent Stress Coping Levels via Corticoid Receptors.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Music Therapy in Depression: Exploring Mechanisms and Efficacy in Rat Models.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Rasd2 regulates depression-like behaviors via DRD2 neurons in the prelimbic cortex afferent to nucleus accumbens core circuit.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Review
- Neuritin Controls Axonal Branching in Serotonin Neurons: A Possible Mediator Involved in the Regulation of Depressive and Anxiety Behaviors via FGF Signaling.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Traumatic brain injury alters the effects of class II invariant peptide (CLIP) antagonism on chronic meningeal CLIP + B cells, neuropathology, and neurobehavioral impairment in 5xFAD mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Effects of low-dose/high-dose-rate X-irradiation on oxidative stress in organs following forced swim test and its combined effects on alcohol-induced liver damage in mice.Journal of radiation research · 2023Article
- Article
- Evidence For Cannabidiol Modulation of Serotonergic Transmission in a Model of Osteoarthritis viaInternational journal of innovative research in medical science · 2022Article
- Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Review
- Low-field magnetic stimulation improved cuprizone-induced depression-like symptoms and demyelination in female mice.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Article
- Mice can recognise water depths and will avoid entering deep water.Translational neuroscience · 2022Article
- GABAergic deficits in absence of LPABrain structure & function · 2021Article
- Learned Immobility Produces Enduring Impairment of the HPA Axis Reactivity in Mice without Replicating the Broad Spectrum of Depressive-Like Phenotype.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- New Horizons for Phenotyping Behavior in Rodents: The Example of Depressive-Like Behavior.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2021Review
- Rationale, Relevance, and Limits of Stress-Induced Psychopathology in Rodents as Models for Psychiatry Research: An Introductory Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Antidepressant-Like Effects of CX717, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of AMPA Receptors.Molecular neurobiology · 2020Article
- The cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil has antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
- X-Irradiation at 0.5 Gy after the forced swim test reduces forced swimming-induced immobility in mice.Journal of radiation research · 2020Article
- Gαq protein signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced despair-like behavior in mice.AIMS neuroscience · 2020Article
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Abstract
The development of animal models with construct, face, and predictive validity to accurately model human depression has been a major challenge. One proposed rodent model is the 5 d repeated forced swim stress (5d-RFSS) paradigm, which progressively increases floating during individual swim sessions. The onset and persistence of this floating behavior has been anthropomorphically characterized as a measure of depression. This interpretation has been under debate because a progressive increase in floating over time may reflect an adaptive learned behavioral response promoting survival, and not depression (Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015). To assess construct and face validity, we applied 5d-RFSS to C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, two mouse strains commonly used in neuropsychiatric research, and measured a combination of emotional, homeostatic, and psychomotor symptoms indicative of a depressive-like state. We also compared the efficacy of 5d-RFSS and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, to induce a depressive-like state in C57BL/6J mice. In both strains, 5d-RFSS progressively increased floating behavior that persisted for at least 4 weeks. 5d-RFSS did not alter sucrose preference, body weight, appetite, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, or immobility behavior during a tail-suspension test compared with nonstressed controls. In contrast, CSDS altered several of these parameters, suggesting a depressive-like state. Finally, predictive validity was assessed using voluntary wheel running (VWR), a known antidepressant intervention. Four weeks of VWR after 5d-RFSS normalized floating behavior toward nonstressed levels. These observations suggest that 5d-RFSS has no construct or face validity but might have predictive validity to model human depression.
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