ArticleBMC public health2017
A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January - June 2015.
Article in BMC public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 57 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial foodborne outbreaks in Africa: a systematic review.International health · 2025Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Associations among Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Food Exposures and Typhoid Fever in Case-Control Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Typhoid Fever Occurrence in Africa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Malawian Children.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium Malawi: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial of the Clinical Efficacy of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Among Children in Blantyre, Malawi.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Household vulnerability to climate impacts on WASH and risk mitigation in informal settlements of Eastern Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The typhoid Mary legacy: Genomic epidemiology uncovers contemporary carriage dynamics across two decades of enteric fever surveillance in England and Wales.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Examining the effects of climate and environmental hazards on vector and water-borne diseases in Eastern Uganda.Discover Environment · 2026Article
- Review
- Strengthening field epidemiology capacity in Canada: a mixed-methods evaluation of the Canadian field epidemiology program.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Are fermented foods safe for human health? A systematic analysis of the literature.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Effective strategies for typhoid conjugate vaccine delivery: Health and economic insights from the 2015 Kampala outbreak.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluating the impact of field epidemiology training programs: a descriptive review of the published literature.Human resources for health · 2025Review
- Time series data on typhoid fever incidence during outbreaks from 2000 to 2022.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Assessing the environmental and climatic influences on the incidence of severe typhoid in Kampala, Uganda.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Climate change anxiety among young women living in the urban slums of Kampala, Uganda: findings from the baseline assessment of the TOPOWA cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Febrile Illnesses in Uganda: Case Studies of Brucellosis, Malaria and Typhoid Fever (2016-2023).Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Household and Environmental Typhoid Fever Transmission in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
27 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOn 6 February 2015, Kampala city authorities alerted the Ugandan Ministry of Health of a "strange disease" that killed one person and sickened dozens. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the nature of the disease, mode of transmission, and risk factors to inform timely and effective control measures.
methodsWe defined a suspected case as onset of fever (≥37.5 °C) for more than 3 days with abdominal pain, headache, negative malaria test or failed anti-malaria treatment, and at least 2 of the following: diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, constipation, fatigue. A probable case was defined as a suspected case with a positive TUBEX® TF test. A confirmed case had blood culture yielding Salmonella Typhi. We conducted a case-control study to compare exposures of 33 suspected case-patients and 78 controls, and tested water and juice samples.
resultsFrom 17 February-12 June, we identified 10,230 suspected, 1038 probable, and 51 confirmed cases. Approximately 22.58% (7/31) of case-patients and 2.56% (2/78) of controls drank water sold in small plastic bags (OR
conclusionContaminated water and street-vended beverages were likely vehicles of this outbreak. At our recommendation authorities closed unsafe water sources and supplied safe water to affected areas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.