ArticleBritish journal of cancer2017
Impact of CTLA-4 blockade in conjunction with metronomic chemotherapy on preclinical breast cancer growth.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacodynamic biomarkers in metronomic chemotherapy: multiplex cytokine measurements in gastrointestinal cancer patients.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2021Trial
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Emerging Combination Platforms in Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2026Review
- Article
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Combination Therapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors or Alkylating Agents.Cancer management and research · 2024Review
- Capecitabine Plus Aromatase Inhibitor as First Line Therapy for Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2 Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Article
- Metronomic Chemotherapy: Anti-Tumor Pathways and Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancers · 2023Review
- Metronomic Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Treatment: Clinical and Preclinical Data between Lights and Shadows.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Normalizing tumor microenvironment with nanomedicine and metronomic therapy to improve immunotherapy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2022Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Review
- Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); a new frontier.Cancer cell international · 2022Review
- Comprehensive Testing of Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Preclinical Cancer Models Identifies Additive Combinations.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Metronomic Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Multimodal Therapy Governed by the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancers · 2021Review
- AMPK promotes antitumor immunity by downregulating PD-1 in regulatory T cells via the HMGCR/p38 signaling pathway.Molecular cancer · 2021Article
- Metronomic Chemotherapy.Cancers · 2021Review
- The Antimalarial Drug Pyronaridine Inhibits Topoisomerase II in Breast Cancer Cells and Hinders Tumor ProgressionClinical cancer drugs · 2021Article
- Advancements in Human Breast Cancer Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy.Journal of Cancer · 2021Review
- Crosstalk between Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Growth and Immunosuppression of Breast Cancer.Journal of immunology research · 2021Review
- Prognostic value of immune checkpoint molecules in breast cancer.Bioscience reports · 2020Article
- Prognostic significance of tumor poliovirus receptor and CTLA4 expression in patients with surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough there are reports that metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX) can be immune stimulating, the impact of its combination with anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer remains to be evaluated.
methodsMurine EMT-6/P breast cancer, or its cisplatin or CTX-resistant variants, or CT-26 colon, were implanted into Balb/c mice. Established tumours were monitored for relative growth following treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibody alone or in combination with; (a) metronomic CTX (ldCTX; 20 mg kg
resultsEMT-6/P tumours responded to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, but this response was less effective when combined with bolus plus ldCTX. Anti-CTLA-4 could be effectively combined with either ldCTX (without a bolus), or with regimens of either sequential or concomitant gemcitabine, including in orthotopic EMT-6 tumours, and independently of the schedule of drug administration. Tumour responses were confirmed with CT-26 tumours but were less pronounced in drug-resistant EMT-6/CTX or EMT-6/DDP tumour models than in the parent tumour. A number of tumour bearing mice developed spontaneous metastases under continuous therapy. The majority of cured mice rejected tumour re-challenges.
conclusionsMetronomic CTX can be combined with anti-CTLA-4 therapy, but this therapy is impaired by concomitant bolus CTX. Sequential therapy of anti-CTLA-4 followed by gemcitabine is effective in chemotherapy-naive tumours, although tumour relapses can occur, in some cases accompanied by the development of spontaneous metastases.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.