ReviewJournal of neurology2017
The relevance of gender in Parkinson's disease: a review.
Review in Journal of neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Deep Learning and Gait Analysis in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Sex differences in alpha-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Unveiling sex-based differences in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies.Biology of sex differences · 2022Pooled it
- The Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of safinamide according to gender in Chinese parkinsonian patients.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Effect of orofacial physiotherapeutic and hygiene interventions on oral health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2021Trial
- Volumetric and Intrastructural Characterization of the Substantia Nigra Using Optimized Synthetic MR Images Derived From Quantitative T1 Maps at 3 T.NMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Association of Reproductive Factors and Postmenopausal Sex Hormones With Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women With Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- High HAM-A-Detected Prevalence of Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease, but No Correlation with Severity of Motor Disease.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Extreme heat and hospitalization with Parkinson's disease among older adults.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Sex-aware causal inference assessment of the immune system in complex neurodegenerative diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Treatment of People with Parkinson's Disease with a Device-Aided Therapy: A Prospective Real-World Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- Sex-specific effects of exercise on motor coordination and extended basal ganglia physiology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Why does FND mainly affect women? A consideration of gender imbalance in neuropsychiatric disease.Psychological medicine · 2026Review
- Herbal and Herbomineral Preparation in Neurodegenerative Disorder.Annals of African medicine · 2026Review
- Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Access to Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Short-term effect of PMScientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Task-specific machine learning system for automatic assessment of multi-limb bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the official and systematic inclusion of sex and gender in biomedical research, gender differences have been acknowledged as important determinants of both the susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative diseases in general population and the clinical and therapeutic management of neurodegenerative patients. In this review, we gathered the available evidence on gender differences in Parkinson's disease (PD) regarding clinical phenotype (including motor and non-motor symptoms), biomarkers, genetics and therapeutic management (including pharmacological and surgical treatment). Finally, we will briefly discuss the role of estrogens in determining such differences. Several data demonstrate that PD in women starts with a more benign phenotype, likely due to the effect of estrogens. However, as the disease progresses, women are at higher risk of developing highly disabling treatment-related complications, such as motor and non-motor fluctuations as well as dyskinesia, compared with men. In addition, women have lower chances of receiving effective treatment for PD as deep brain stimulation. Taken together these findings challenge the definition of a more benign phenotype in women. Still, much work needs to be done to better understand the interaction between gender, genetics and environmental factors in determining the PD risk and clinical features. Improving our understanding in this field may result in implementation of strategies to identify prodromal PD and speed efforts to discern new directions for disease tailored treatment and management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.