ArticleThyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association2017
Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a Mechanism for Known Risk Factors.
Article in Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature to Validate Current Risk Factors and Identify Novel Ones.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal thyroid function in multiple pregnancies - a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Association of maternal thyroid function with birthweight: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Dynamics of gut microbiota during pregnancy in women with TPOAb-positive subclinical hypothyroidism: a prospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Trial
- Development and Validation of Machine-Learning-Based Prediction Models for Thyroid Diseases During Pregnancy.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Update on the Risk Factors for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- A randomized control trial comparing the clinical outcome of thyroxine supplementation in thyroid peroxide antibody- negative cases in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Trimester and sex-specific associations of maternal thyroid profile with neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Article
- Standardization of TSH and FT4 to gestational age in early pregnancy and associations with clinical outcomes.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Molecular pathways in placental-fetal development and disruption.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2024Review
- Reducing the Rate of Premature Births through Early Diagnosis and Pregnancy-Adapted Treatment of Hypothyroidism.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2023Article
- Advances in the differential diagnosis of transient hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and Graves' disease.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Review
- The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Association of Isolated Hypothyroxinemia and Subclinical Hypothyroidism With Birthweight: A Cohort Study in Japan.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- A Bayesian model to estimate the cutoff value of TSH for management of preterm birth.PloS one · 2023Article
- The Levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP-A) and Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) in the Blood Serum of Women with Hypothyroidism in the 1st Trimester of Pregnancy.International journal of women's health · 2023Article
- Maternal Subclinical Hyperthyroidism and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Effects of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia on adverse pregnancy outcomes.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2022Article
- Does foetal gender influence maternal thyroid parameters in pregnancy?European thyroid journal · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThyroid autoimmunity is a major risk factor for gestational thyroid disease, and recently various other risk factors have been identified, including maternal age, body mass index (BMI) and parity. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is an important determinant of gestational thyroid function, yet it is unknown to what extent differences in hCG concentration affect the risk for thyroid disease. We have recently shown that thyroperoxidase antibody positivity impairs the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation, which may suggest that this is a mechanism through which thyroid autoimmunity acts as a risk factor for thyroid disease.
objectiveThe purpose of this study is to determine whether hCG is a risk factor for thyroid disease entities and whether recently identified risk factors for thyroid disease may influence the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation.
methodsHuman chorionic gonadotropin, thyrotropin (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured in 5435 pregnant women participating in a prospective cohort. The association of hCG with thyroid disease entities, and the association of known risk factors with thyroidal response to hCG stimulation were studied using multivariable linear regression models.
resultsHigher hCG concentrations were associated with a higher risk of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism. Lower hCG concentrations were associated with a higher risk of hypothyroxinemia. In contrast, hCG concentrations were not associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. Further analyses showed that in women with hypothyroxinemia, high hCG concentrations still suppressed TSH. However, in women with subclinical hypothyroidism, high hCG concentrations were not associated with higher FT4. Higher BMI, male fetal sex, and maternal parity >2 were associated with a lower thyroidal response to hCG stimulation.
conclusionsHuman chorionic gonadotropin is associated with the risk of (subclinical) hyperthyroidism and hypothyroxinemia, but not with the risk of (subclinical) hypothyroidism. Women with hypothyroxinemia have a normal response to thyroidal stimulation by hCG, but this was abnormal in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Known risk factors for thyroid dysfunction (BMI and parity), and also male fetal sex, are associated with a lower thyroidal response to hCG stimulation.
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