ArticleBrain research2017
Specific regions of the brain are capable of fructose metabolism.
Article in Brain research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain Proteomic Responses to Glucocorticoids and Their Relationship With Transcriptome: A Systematic Meta-Analysis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Pooled it
- Selective alterations in CA1 spine morphology following dietary fructose intake.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Epigenetic and metabolic rewiring in metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas driven by SDHB mutations.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A review of the evidence for a protective role of uric acid in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Article
- Sugar utilization by microglia in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Do microglia metabolize fructose in Alzheimer's disease?Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- GLUT5-overexpression-related tumorigenic implications.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Review
- Ketohexokinase-dependent metabolism of cerebral endogenous fructose in microglia drives diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Fructose: A New Variable to Consider in SIADH and the Hyponatremia Associated With Long-Distance Running?American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2023Article
- Could Alzheimer's disease be a maladaptation of an evolutionary survival pathway mediated by intracerebral fructose and uric acid metabolism?The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Review
- PET Imaging of Fructose Metabolism in a Rodent Model of Neuroinflammation with 6-[Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Elevated cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels and diabetes mellitus are associated with activation of the neurotoxic polyol pathway.Diabetologia · 2022Observational
- Metabolites and Biomarker Compounds of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Cerebrospinal Fluid.Metabolites · 2022Review
- Article
- Fructose and metabolic diseases: too much to be good.Chinese medical journal · 2021Article
- GLUT5 (SLC2A5) enables fructose-mediated proliferation independent of ketohexokinase.Cancer & metabolism · 2021Article
- Fructose Removal from the Diet Reverses Inflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Statin Treatment Induced a Lipogenic Expression Hierarchical Network Centered by SREBF2 in the Liver.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
High fructose consumption in the Western diet correlates with disease states such as obesity and metabolic syndrome complications, including type II diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease. Liver and kidneys are responsible for metabolism of 40-60% of ingested fructose, while the physiological fate of the remaining fructose remains poorly understood. The primary metabolic pathway for fructose includes the fructose-transporting solute-like carrier transport proteins 2a (SLC2a or GLUT), including GLUT5 and GLUT9, ketohexokinase (KHK), and aldolase. Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression encoding these proteins (glut5, glut9, khk, and aldoC, respectively) identifies other organs capable of this fructose metabolism. This analysis predicts brain, lymphoreticular tissue, placenta, and reproductive tissues as possible additional organs for fructose metabolism. While expression of these genes is highest in liver, the brain is predicted to have expression levels of these genes similar to kidney. RNA in situ hybridization of coronal slices of adult mouse brains validate the in silico expression of glut5, glut9, khk, and aldoC, and show expression across many regions of the brain, with the most notable expression in the cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb. Dissected samples of these brain regions show KHK and aldolase enzyme activity 5-10 times the concentration of that in liver. Furthermore, rates of fructose oxidation in these brain regions are 15-150 times that of liver slices, confirming the bioinformatics prediction and in situ hybridization data. This suggests that previously unappreciated regions across the brain can use fructose, in addition to glucose, for energy production.
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