ArticleMicrobiome2016
Temporal bacterial and metabolic development of the preterm gut reveals specific signatures in health and disease.
Article in Microbiome, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 143 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Association of Gut Microbiome With Neonatal Complications and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants
Protecting Late-moderate Preterm Infants From Respiratory Tract Infections and Wheeze in Their First Years of Life by Using Bacterial Lysates.
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Probiotics on Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota Across Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Synbiotic supplementation leads to gut microbiome communities with functional capacity linked to better brain white matter development in preterm infants.Gut microbes · 2026Trial
- Early gut microbiome composition of very preterm infants randomised to receive human milk volumes of 60 ml/kg/day or more within the first 36 hours after birth.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Gut microbiota development in very preterm infants following fortification of human milk.mSystems · 2025Trial
- Effect of an Exclusive Human Milk Diet on the Gut Microbiome in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Enhanced nutrient supply and intestinal microbiota development in very low birth weight infants.Pediatric research · 2019Trial
- Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- From homeostasis to dysregulation: human milk, microbial metabolites, and the preterm intestinal microenvironment in necrotizing enterocolitis.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- Compact Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Signature Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Altered Early Microbiota Development.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biomarkers for Necrotising Enterocolitis-Are We There Yet?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Diagnosis and Staging of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Current Controversies and a Phenotype-Based Framework.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neonatal intensive care unit exposures reprogram microbiome-metabolome trajectories and modulate host calprotectin in preterm infants: a longitudinal multi-omics study.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- A Review of Probiotic Interventions for Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Preterm Infants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Early empiric antibiotic exposure affects gut microbiota development of very preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Early-Life β-Lactam Exposure and the Developing Microbiome: Clinical Relevance and Controversies.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Optimising the induction of inflammation within preterm infant-derived intestinal epithelial organoids.Npj gut and liver · 2026Article
- Probiotic-conditioned microbiota from preterm infants modulate immune response to pathogen challenge in a microbiota-humanized mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe preterm microbiome is crucial to gut health and may contribute to necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), which represents the most significant pathology affecting preterm infants. From a cohort of 318 infants, <32 weeks gestation, we selected 7 infants who developed NEC (defined rigorously) and 28 matched controls. We performed detailed temporal bacterial (n = 641) and metabolomic (n = 75) profiling of the gut microbiome throughout the disease.
resultsA core community of Klebsiella, Escherichia, Staphyloccocus, and Enterococcus was present in all samples. Gut microbiota profiles grouped into six distinct clusters, termed preterm gut community types (PGCTs). Each PGCT reflected dominance by the core operational taxonomic units (OTUs), except of PGCT 6, which had high diversity and was dominant in bifidobacteria. While PGCTs 1-5 were present in infants prior to NEC diagnosis, PGCT 6 was comprised exclusively of healthy samples. NEC infants had significantly more PGCT transitions prior to diagnosis. Metabolomic profiling identified significant pathways associated with NEC onset, with metabolites involved in linoleate metabolism significantly associated with NEC diagnosis. Notably, metabolites associated with NEC were the lowest in PGCT 6.
conclusionsThis is the first study to integrate sequence and metabolomic stool analysis in preterm neonates, demonstrating that NEC does not have a uniform microbial signature. However, a diverse gut microbiome with a high abundance of bifidobacteria may protect preterm infants from disease. These results may inform biomarker development and improve understanding of gut-mediated mechanisms of NEC.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.