ArticleEvoDevo2016
Limb patterning genes and heterochronic development of the emu wing bud.
Article in EvoDevo, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sall4 regulates downstream patterning genes during limb regeneration.Developmental biology · 2024Article
- Immobilization secondary to cell death of muscle precursors with a dual transcriptional signature contributes to the emu wing skeletal pattern.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Insights into digit evolution from a fate map study of the forearm using Chameleon, a new transgenic chicken line.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Developmental regulation of conserved non-coding element evolution provides insights into limb loss in squamates.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Article
- (Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss.Ecology and evolution · 2021Review
- Atavisms in the avian hindlimb and early developmental polarity of the limb.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2021Article
- Attenuated Fgf Signaling Underlies the Forelimb Heterochrony in the Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae.Current biology : CB · 2019Article
- Evolution of the avian digital pattern.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Co-option of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 during development of the emu wing.Nature communications · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe forelimb of the flightless emu is a vestigial structure, with greatly reduced wing elements and digit loss. To explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the evolution of vestigial wings and loss of flight in the emu, key limb patterning genes were examined in developing embryos.
methodsLimb development was compared in emu versus chicken embryos. Immunostaining for cell proliferation markers was used to analyze growth of the emu forelimb and hindlimb buds. Expression patterns of limb patterning genes were studied, using whole-mount in situ hybridization (for mRNA localization) and RNA-seq (for mRNA expression levels).
resultsThe forelimb of the emu embryo showed heterochronic development compared to that in the chicken, with the forelimb bud being retarded in its development. Early outgrowth of the emu forelimb bud is characterized by a lower level of cell proliferation compared the hindlimb bud, as assessed by PH3 immunostaining. In contrast, there were no obvious differences in apoptosis in forelimb versus hindlimb buds (cleaved caspase 3 staining). Most key patterning genes were expressed in emu forelimb buds similarly to that observed in the chicken, but with smaller expression domains. However, expression of
conclusionsThese data reveal heterochronic but otherwise normal expression of most patterning genes in the emu vestigial forelimb. Delayed
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.