ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2017
Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Blood levels of cadmium and lead in relation to breast cancer risk in three prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2019Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Estrogen Receptor Subtype-Specific Contralateral Breast Cancer in Women Under Age 55 Years.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Breast cancer diagnosis as a window of opportunity for smoking cessation: analysis of changes in smoking behaviour in 736 smoking breast cancer patients.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, early detection, and management of breast cancer in China: A comprehensive review.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- Childhood exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal never smokers: the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Adherence to Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Among Age-Eligible US Women: Findings From NHIS 2021.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Recent strategies in diagnosis, screening, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer in young women.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Hyperprolactinemia and cancer risk: a Swedish population-based cohort study.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Impact of Endocrine Therapy on Osteoporosis Risk in Women with Breast Cancer Across Different Hormonal Stages: A Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- Synergistic strength: unleashing exercise and polyphenols against breast cancer.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Risk perception regarding social determinants of health among women with breast cancer in Iran: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Frequency of Deleterious Germline Variants in HER2-Low Breast Cancer Patients Using a Hereditary Multipanel Gene Testing.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Differential patterns of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer according to birth cohorts among women in China, Japan and Korea.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2023Article
- Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- The efficacy of tucatinib-based therapeutic approaches for HER2-positive breast cancer.Military Medical Research · 2022Review
- The importance of addressing early life environmental exposures in cancer epidemiology.Current epidemiology reports · 2022Article
- Alcohol consumption, smoking, and invasive breast cancer risk after ductal carcinoma in situ.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- Influence of breast cancer risk factors on proliferation and DNA damage in human breast glandular tissues: role of intracellular estrogen levels, oxidative stress and estrogen biotransformation.Archives of toxicology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 17 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The 2014 US Surgeon General's report noted research gaps necessary to determine a causal relationship between active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk, including the role of alcohol consumption, timing of exposure, modification by menopausal status and heterogeneity by oestrogen receptor (ER) status. Methods: To address these issues, we pooled data from 14 cohort studies contributing 934 681 participants (36 060 invasive breast cancer cases). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Smoking duration before first birth was positively associated with risk ( P -value for trend = 2 × 10 -7 ) with the highest HR for initiation >10 years before first birth (HR = 1.18, CI 1.12-1.24). Effect modification by current alcohol consumption was evident for the association with smoking duration before first birth ( P -value=2×10 -4 ); compared with never-smoking non-drinkers, initiation >10 years before first birth was associated with risk in every category of alcohol intake, including non-drinkers (HR = 1.15, CI 1.04-1.28) and those who consumed at least three drinks per day (1.85, 1.55-2.21). Associations with smoking before first birth were limited to risk of ER+ breast cancer ( P -value for homogeneity=3×10 -3 ). Other smoking timing and duration characteristics were associated with risk even after controlling for alcohol, but were not associated with risk in non-drinkers. Effect modification by menopause was not evident. Conclusions: Smoking, particularly if initiated before first birth, was modestly associated with ER+ breast cancer risk that was not confounded by amount of adult alcohol intake. Possible links with breast cancer provide additional motivation for young women to not initiate smoking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.