Observational studyJournal of neurotrauma2017
Modeling the Kinetics of Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase-L1, and S100B Concentrations in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.
Observational study in Journal of neurotrauma, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Accuracy of GFAP and UCH-L1 in predicting brain abnormalities on CT scans after mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Pooled it
- S100B, GFAP, UCH-L1 and NSE as predictors of abnormalities on CT imaging following mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy.Neurosurgical review · 2022Pooled it
- GFAP and S100B: What You Always Wanted to Know and Never Dared to Ask.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Blood biomarkers on admission in acute traumatic brain injury: Relations to severity, CT findings and care path in the CENTER-TBI study.EBioMedicine · 2020Trial
- Mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Changes in microglial cells and synapses.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Blood-based biomarkers GFAP/UCH-L1 for the diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a single-center implementation experience.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Article
- Do Serum Brain Biomarkers Differentiate the Hemorrhagic Head Injury Lesion Phenotypes? An Interim Analysis of an On-Going Randomized Clinical Trial.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Astroglial and Neuronal Injury Markers (GFAP, UCHL-1, NfL, Tau, S100B) as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in PTSD and Neurological Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Diagnostic accuracy of GFAP and UCH-L1 for intracranial hemorrhage in blunt head trauma: a prospective study.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Observational
- Review
- Efficacy of biomarkers and imaging techniques for the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury: challenges and opportunities.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Brain injury plasma biomarkers in patients on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A pilot prospective observational study.Perfusion · 2025Observational
- A head-to-head comparison of S100B and GFAP/UCH-L1 for detection of traumatic intracranial lesions in a Scandinavian trauma cohort.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Performance of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MAP-2 Within 30 and 60 Minutes of Traumatic Brain Injury.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Review
- Neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acid protein levels are elevated in post-mild COVID-19 or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Preliminary Evaluation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Head Injuries with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
- Blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: A narrative review of current evidence.Brain & spine · 2024Review
- Precision Concussion Management: Approaches to Quantifying Head Injury Severity and Recovery.Brain sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), and S100B have been shown to be predictive of patients with brain injury. Kinetics of these biomarkers in injured humans have not been extensively examined. This prospective multi-center study included patients with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury. Blood samples obtained at enrollment and every 6 h up to 24 h post-injury were assayed for GFAP, UCH-L1, and S100B. Random effects models examined changes in the biomarkers' level over time. A total of 167 patients were enrolled; mean age was 46.0 ± 17.8, 61.1% were male, 143 (85.6%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15, and 33 (19.8%) had a positive head computed tomography (CT) scan. Baseline median biomarker concentrations for all three were higher among CT-positive patients (p < 0.0001) but GFAP was the only biomarker that significantly increased over time among CT-positive patients relative to CT-negative patients (log transformed values 0.037; 95% confidence interval 0.02, 0.05; p < 0.001), indicating a 3.7% per hour rise in GFAP concentration. There was no significant increase in either UCH-L1 or S100B in CT-positive patients (p = 0.15 and p = 0.47, respectively). GFAP concentrations increased 3.7% per hour among CT-positive patients whereas neither UCH-L1 nor S100B increased, compared with CT-negative patients. The kinetics and temporal profile of GFAP suggest it may be a more robust biomarker to detect patients with positive CT findings, particularly at later post-injury times. Further study is needed to determine if GFAP is a useful test to follow throughout a patient's clinical course.
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