ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2017
Protein intake and dietary glycemic load of 4-year-olds and association with adiposity and serum insulin at 7 years of age: sex-nutrient and nutrient-nutrient interactions.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal and plant protein intake during infancy and childhood DNA methylation: a meta-analysis in the NutriPROGRAM consortium.Epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Protein intake and insulin-like growth factor-1 at 12 months and associations with growth, body composition, and metabolic syndrome at 8 years.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Observational
- Dietary glycemic index is associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children: a national cross-sectional study in Lebanon.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of habitual physical activity in eutrophic and overweight/obese preschoolers: multivariate analysis of a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Optimal Protein Intake in Healthy Children and Adolescents: Evaluating Current Evidence.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Nutrient intakes from complementary foods are associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers among undernourished Peruvian children.Journal of nutritional science · 2023Article
- Article
- Protein intake in children and growth and risk of overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Food & nutrition research · 2022Review
- Excess weight in children living in rural areas related to the nutritional profile and to maternal habits.Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria · 2021Article
- Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Sources in 1-Year-Old Infants in Finland: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Association between dietary patterns and adiposity from 4 to 7 years of age.Public health nutrition · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesThe role of Protein Intake (PI) at preschool age on later adiposity is understudied, and prospective studies also examining Dietary Glycemic Load (GL) are lacking. The current study evaluated the association of PI and GL at 4 years with adiposity and Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI) 3 years later, and examined the possible interaction between PI and GL on these associations, by sex.
designThis prospective study included 1999 singleton children enrolled in the population-based birth cohort, Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005-2006). Diet at 4 years was assessed by 3-days food diaries. Energy-adjusted PI and GL (g per day) were converted into sex-specific tertiles (T). At 7 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores were defined according to the World Health Organization. Sample's sex-specific z-scores were computed for Fat Mass Index (FMI), Waist-to-Height ratio (W/Ht) and FSI. Associations were estimated by linear regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
resultsAfter adjustment for confounders, PI was positively associated with BMI in girls (T2 vs T1: β=0.187; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.359) and boys (T3 vs T1: β=0.205; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.406), being associated with FSI only in boys (T3 vs T1: β=0.207; 95% CI: 0.011, 0.404; P-interaction=0.026). Also, GL was associated with BMI only in boys (T3 vs T1: β=0.362; 95% CI: 0.031, 0.693; P-interaction=0.006), in whom significant interactions between PI and GL were found on the association with FMI (P=0.019) and W/Ht (P=0.039). Boys within the third T of both PI and GL at 4 years had higher FMI (β=0.505; 95% CI: 0.085, 0.925) and W/Ht (β=0.428; 95% CI: 0.022, 0.834) at 7 years.
conclusionsIn both girls and boys, PI at preschool age is positively associated with later BMI, being positively associated with FSI only in boys. Dietary GL is associated with adiposity only in boys, in whom it seems to interact with PI enhancing increased adiposity.
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