Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28028225›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2017

The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation.

Sarah M Durant, Nicholas Mitchell, Rosemary Groom, Nathalie Pettorelli, Audrey Ipavec, Andrew P Jacobson, Rosie Woodroffe, Monika Böhm, Luke T B Hunter, Matthew S Becker and 44 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
57citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

57 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  3. Elephant barrier behaviors in response to conflict mitigation fences.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026
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  4. Article
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  7. Mapping illegal trade routes of live cheetahs from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
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  18. Evaluation of the Fecal Proteome in Healthy and Diseased Cheetahs (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

54 authors.

Sarah M DurantInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; s.durant@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-0724-0878
Nicholas MitchellInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Rosemary GroomInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Nathalie PettorelliInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Audrey IpavecInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Andrew P JacobsonInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Rosie WoodroffeInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Monika BöhmInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Luke T B HunterPanthera, New York, NY 10018.ORCID 0000-0001-9653-6544
Matthew S BeckerZambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia.
Femke BroekhuisWildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom.
Sultana BashirInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Leah AndresenDepartment of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
Ortwin AschenbornBwabwata Ecological Institute, Susuwe Park Station, Zambezi Region, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia.
Mohammed BeddiafOffice National du Parc Culturel du Tassili N'Ajjer, Djanet, Algeria.
Farid BelbachirLaboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria.ORCID 0000-0002-9155-9808
Amel Belbachir-BaziLaboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria.ORCID 0000-0001-6463-3294
Ali BerbashNature Conservation Department, Environment General Authority (EGA), Tripoli, Libya.
Iracelma Brandao de Matos MachadoInstitute of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Luanda, Angola.
Christine BreitenmoserCarnivore Ecology and Wildlife Management (KORA), 3074 Muri, Switzerland.
Monica ChegeKenya Wildlife Service, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
Deon CilliersCheetah Outreach Trust, Paardevlei, South Africa.
Harriet Davies-MostertEndangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Amy J DickmanWildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom.
Fabiano EzekielDepartment of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mohammad S FarhadiniaWildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom.
Paul FunstonPanthera, New York, NY 10018.
Philipp HenschelPanthera, New York, NY 10018.
Jane HorganCheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Hans H de IonghInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Houman JowkarPersian Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Tehran 15856-86341, Iran.
Rebecca KleinCheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Peter Andrew LindseyPanthera, New York, NY 10018.
Laurie MarkerCheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia.
Kelly MarnewickEndangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Joerg MelzheimerDepartment Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
Johnathan MerkleZambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia.
Jassiel M'sokaDepartment of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia.
Maurus MsuhaTanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania.
Helen O'NeillInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Megan ParkerWorking Dogs for Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771.
Gianetta PurchaseInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
Samaila SahailouDirection de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger.
Yohanna SaiduNigeria National Park Service, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
Abdoulkarim SamnaDirection de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger.
Anne Schmidt-KüntzelCheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia.
Eda SelebatsoConsultant, Gaborone, Botswana.
Etotépé A SogbohossouLaboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
Alaaeldin SoultanEgyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo, Egypt.ORCID 0000-0003-3753-7015
Emma StoneCarnivore Research Malawi, Conservation Research Africa, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Esther van der MeerCheetah Conservation Project Zimbabwe, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.
Rudie van VuurenNaankuse Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mary WykstraAction for Cheetahs in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kim Young-OvertonPanthera, New York, NY 10018.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human-wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes.

Indexed as

AcinonyxConservation of Natural ResourcesAfricaAnimalsAsiaBiodiversityComputer SimulationExtinction, BiologicalModels, BiologicalPopulation DynamicsRisk Factorslandscape conservationmegafaunapopulation viability analysisprotected areasthreat assessment

Identifiers

PMID28028225
PMCPMC5255576

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.