ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2017
Gender discrimination, educational attainment, and illicit drug use among U.S. women.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Substance use and co-occurring mental health conditions among adolescents and young adults in North America: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Racism-related experiences and substance use: A systematic and meta-analytic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Pooled it
- Intersectional Racial, Gender, and Socioeconomic Discrimination and Youth Alcohol and Cannabis Use: A Latent Class Analysis Among Black and White Adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Examining the relationship between contemporary job typologies and dimensions of health at the intersection of race and gender.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Sexism and Cannabis-Related Problems Among Women in the U.S.: The Role of Negative Affect and Coping-Motivated Cannabis Use.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Substance use disorders and social determinants of health from electronic medical records obtained during Kentucky's "triple wave".Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Article
- Mental Health, Alcohol Use, and Substance Use Correlates of Sexism in a Sample of Gender-Diverse Sexual Minority Women.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2022Article
- Influence of gender and education on cocaine users in an outpatient cohort in Spain.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Measurement invariance of the World Assumptions Questionnaire across race/ethnic group, sex, and sexual orientation.Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2021Article
- Gender discrimination and illicit drug use among African American and European American adolescents and emerging adults.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2021Article
- Non-Binary and Binary Gender Identity in Australian Trans and Gender Diverse Individuals.Archives of sexual behavior · 2020Article
- Highlighting the Role of Cognitive and Brain Reserve in the Substance use Disorder Field.Current neuropharmacology · 2019Review
- Cardiovascular disease and perceived weight, racial, and gender discrimination in U.S. adults.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWhile gender inequality has been a topic of concern for decades, little is known about the relationship between gender discrimination and illicit drug use. Further, whether this association varies by education level is unknown.
methodsAmong 19,209 women participants in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005), we used logistic regression to test the association between gender discrimination (measured with four items from the Experiences of Discrimination instrument) and three outcomes: past-year illicit drug use, frequent drug use, and drug use disorders. We then tested whether associations differed by education level.
resultsGender discrimination was reported by 9% of women and was associated with past-year drug use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17-3.29], frequent drug use (aOR = 2.82; CI 1.99-4.00), and past-year drug use disorders (aOR = 3.15; CI 2.16-4.61). All specific domains of gender discrimination (on the job, in public, with institutions, being called a sexist name) were associated with all drug use outcomes. The association between gender discrimination and past-year drug use was stronger among women with less than a high school education (aOR = 6.33; CI 3.38-11.85) compared to those with more education (aOR = 2.45; CI 1.97-3.04; p
conclusionsGender discrimination is consistently and strongly associated with illicit drug use and drug use disorders among U.S. women, with significantly higher odds for drug use among women with less than a high school education. Future research should examine whether explicitly addressing distress from discrimination could benefit women in drug treatment, especially among clients with lower educational attainment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.