ArticleWellcome open research2016
The LonDownS adult cognitive assessment to study cognitive abilities and decline in Down syndrome.
Article in Wellcome open research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Markers for Dementia in the Intellectual Disability Population: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing general cognitive and adaptive abilities in adults with Down syndrome: a systematic review.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2019Pooled it
- The reliability and validity of DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorder and relationship with plasma neurofilament light in a down syndrome population.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviours and Their Cognitive Correlates in Aging Adults With Down Syndrome.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2026Article
- Distinct brain regions are affected by neurodevelopmental or pre-dementia changes in Down syndrome.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Staging of Alzheimer's disease progression in Down syndrome using mixed clinical and plasma biomarker measures with machine learning.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Validation of the CAMCOG-DS-II, a neuropsychological test battery for Alzheimer's disease in people with Down syndrome: A Horizon 21 European Down syndrome Consortium study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Kata selection trends in top-level para-karate competitions: a multi-championship study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Computer and tablet assessments of executive function in youth with Down syndrome: feasibility and predictors of performance.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Characterizing the emergence of amyloid and tau burden in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- BENDI: Improving Cognitive Assessments in Toddlers and Children with Down Syndrome Using Stealth Assessment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Common mental health disorders and cognitive decline in a longitudinal Down syndrome cohort.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Exploring semantic verbal fluency patterns and their relationship to age and Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive abilities in adults with Down syndrome.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Psychometric properties of inhibitory control measures among youth with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2023Article
- Complement dysregulation and Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Cognitive flexibility assessment in youth with Down syndrome: Reliability, practice effects, and validity.Research in developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- Shaking up the silence: consequences of HMGN1 antagonizing PRC2 in the Down syndrome brain.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2022Review
- Bringing machine learning to research on intellectual and developmental disabilities: taking inspiration from neurological diseases.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2022Review
- A modified Cued Recall Test for detecting prodromal AD in adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDown syndrome (DS), the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with an ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. However, there is individual variability in the onset of clinical dementia and in baseline cognitive abilities prior to decline, particularly in memory, executive functioning, and motor coordination. The LonDownS Consortium aims to determine risk and protective factors for the development of dementia and factors relating to cognitive abilities in people with DS. Here we describe our cognitive test battery and related informant measures along with reporting data from our baseline cognitive and informant assessments.
methodsWe developed a cognitive test battery to assess general abilities, memory, executive function, and motor coordination abilities in adults with DS, with informant ratings of similar domains also collected, designed to allow for data on a broad range of participants. Participants (n=305) had a range of ages and abilities, and included adults with and without a clinical diagnosis of dementia.
resultsResults suggest the battery is suitable for the majority of adults with DS, although approximately half the adults with dementia were unable to undertake any cognitive task. Many test outcomes showed a range of scores with low floor and ceiling effects. Non-verbal age-adjusted IQ scores had lower floor effects than verbal IQ scores. Before the onset of any cognitive decline, females aged 16-35 showed better verbal abilities compared to males. We also identified clusters of cognitive test scores within our battery related to visuospatial memory, motor coordination, language abilities, and processing speed / sustained attention.
conclusionsOur further studies will use baseline and longitudinal assessments to explore factors influencing cognitive abilities and cognitive decline related to ageing and onset of dementia in adults with DS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.