Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28017922›Full record

ReviewNeuroImage2017

Noise and non-neuronal contributions to the BOLD signal: applications to and insights from animal studies.

Shella D Keilholz, Wen-Ju Pan, Jacob Billings, Maysam Nezafati, Sadia Shakil

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in NeuroImage, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  4. Biphasic acclimation for simultaneous wide-field fluorescent CaImaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026
    Article
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  17. Twitches, Blinks, and Fidgets: Important Generators of Ongoing Neural Activity.The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry · 2019
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Shella D KeilholzWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: shella.keilholz@bme.gatech.edu.
Wen-Ju PanWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Jacob BillingsNeuroscience Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Maysam NezafatiWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Sadia ShakilElectrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Funding

Contribution of Ultra Low Frequency LFPs to Functional MRIR01NS078095 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI KEILHOLZ, SHELLA D · 2012 to 2022
$3.4M
Spatiotemporal signatures of neural activity and neurophysiology in the BOLD signalR01MH111416 · NIMH · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI KEILHOLZ, SHELLA D · 2016 to 2020
$1.9M
Functional connectivity and spatiotemporal dynamics in unanesthetized rodentsR21NS072810 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI KEILHOLZ, SHELLA D · 2011 to 2012
$385k
Manipulation and characterization of functional connectivity measured with MRIR21NS057718 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI KEILHOLZ, SHELLA D · 2008 to 2009
$366k
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH111416NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS078095NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS057718NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS072810
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The BOLD signal reflects hemodynamic events within the brain, which in turn are driven by metabolic changes and neural activity. However, the link between BOLD changes and neural activity is indirect and can be influenced by a number of non-neuronal processes. Motion and physiological cycles have long been known to affect the BOLD signal and are present in both humans and animal models. Differences in physiological baseline can also contribute to intra- and inter-subject variability. The use of anesthesia, common in animal studies, alters neural activity, vascular tone, and neurovascular coupling. Most intriguing, perhaps, are the contributions from other processes that do not appear to be neural in origin but which may provide information about other aspects of neurophysiology. This review discusses different types of noise and non-neuronal contributors to the BOLD signal, sources of variability for animal studies, and insights to be gained from animal models.

Indexed as

AnesthesiaModels, AnimalAnimalsFunctional NeuroimagingMagnetic Resonance ImagingAnimal studiesfMRIFunctional connectivityFunctional MRINoiseNon-neuronal contributionsrs-fMRI

Identifiers

PMID28017922
PMCPMC5481494

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.