Observational studyKidney international2017
Inflammation and elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 are independent risk factors for death in chronic kidney disease.
Observational study in Kidney international, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- The bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and diabetic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of phosphate lowering agents on clinical and laboratory outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of fibroblast growth factor 23 lowering modalities in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- Benefits of resistant starch type 2 for patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of medical sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Risks of Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Association between mineral and bone disorder in patients with acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery and adverse outcomes.BMC nephrology · 2019Trial
- Safety and efficacy of ferric citrate in patients with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Estrogen protects female mice with chronic kidney disease from fibroblast growth factor 23-induced left ventricular hypertrophy.Kidney international · 2026Article
- Fibroblast growth factor 23 at the crossroads of mineral metabolism and bone disease.Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension · 2026Review
- Systemic Inflammation in CKD: Signal, Surrogate, or Therapeutic Target?Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- ESKD, Major Cardiovascular Events, and Death Associated With Systemic Inflammation.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Serum α-Klotho and FGF-23 in Predicting Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: A Novel Biomarker Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The Impact of Hyperphosphatemia on Mineral and Bone Metabolism: Implications for Bone and Vascular Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The FGF-FGFR axis as an immune-metabolic rheostat in gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Is it true that lower PTH control is associated with lower levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic kidney disease?Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- The Influence of Irisin on Selected Organs-The Liver, Kidneys, and Lungs: The Role of Physical Exercise.Cells · 2025Review
- Fibroblast growth factor 23 as a risk factor for incident diabetes.Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension · 2025Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Inflammation is a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse outcomes in many clinical settings. Inflammation stimulates production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), high levels of which are independently associated with mortality in CKD. Few large-scale prospective studies have examined inflammation and mortality in patients with CKD, and none tested the interrelationships among inflammation, FGF23, and risk of death. Therefore, we conducted a prospective investigation of 3875 participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study with CKD stages 2 to 4 to test the associations of baseline plasma interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and FGF23 levels with all-cause mortality, censoring at the onset of end-stage renal disease. During a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 550 participants died (20.5/1000 person-years) prior to end-stage renal disease. In separate multivariable-adjusted analyses, higher levels of interleukin-6 (hazard ratio per one standard deviation increase of natural log-transformed levels) 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.25-1.46), C-reactive protein 1.28 (1.16-1.40), and FGF23 1.45 (1.32-1.60) were each independently associated with increased risk of death. With further adjustment for FGF23, the risks of death associated with interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were minimally attenuated. Compared to participants in the lowest quartiles of inflammation and FGF23, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of death among those in the highest quartiles of both biomarkers was 4.38 (2.65-7.23) for interleukin-6 and FGF23, and 5.54 (3.04-10.09) for C-reactive protein and FGF23. Thus, elevated levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and FGF23 are independent risk factors for mortality in CKD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.