Trends and Determinants of Human Papillomavirus Concordance Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive and -Negative Heterosexual Couples in Rakai, Uganda.

Background: Limited data are available on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative or HIV-positive couples followed longitudinally. Methods: Genital HPV was assessed in 725 concordant HIV-negative couples and 209 HIV-positive couples enrolled in a male circumcision trial in Rakai, Uganda, using the Roche Linear Array assay, which detects 37 HPV genotypes. Human papillomavirus prevalence and determinants of genotype-specific concordance were assessed at annual visits. Cumulative detection of HPV genotypes over 2 years was also assessed. Results: At enrollment, HPV infection was detected in 54% of HIV-negative women, 56% of HIV-negative men, and 93% of HIV-positive men and women. For HIV-negative couples, genotypic concordance was 30% at baseline (n = 219/725) and declined significantly with age (adjusted prevelance risk ratio [adjPRR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28-0.93 comparing women aged >40 years to those aged 15-19 years) and male circumcision (adjPRR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.47-0.77) and increased among couples with recent intercourse (adjPRR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.04-1.53). These associations were not seen in HIV-positive couples. Among couples with HPV results at all visits, ≥1 of the same genotypes were detected in both partners in 60% of HIV-negative couples and 96% of HIV-positive couples over 2 years. Conclusion: Human papillomavirus genotype-specific concordance is more common in HIV-positive couples, and irrespective of HIV status, the majority of couples exhibit HPV concordance over 2 years.