ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2017
Intratumoral Th2 predisposition combines with an increased Th1 functional phenotype in clinical response to intravesical BCG in bladder cancer.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment of bladder cancer: a systematic review and commentary on recent publications.Current opinion in urology · 2019Pooled it
- Bioengineering strategies to enhance BCG immunotherapy against bladder cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of microbiome-immune interactions in bladder cancer and targeted regulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Differential effects of BCG-Russia and BCG-TICE on trained immunity: Potential implications for bladder cancer immunotherapy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Immunotherapy-Related Pneumonitis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- BCG therapy in bladder cancer and its tumor microenvironment interactions.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Eosinophils but not mast cells exert anti-tumorigenic activity, without being predictive markers of the long-term response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy in patients with bladder carcinoma.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Article
- MIS18BP1 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and growth via inactivating P53 signaling pathway.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Review of BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Biomarker identification associated with M2 tumor-associated macrophage infiltration in glioblastoma.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Advances in the immunological microenvironment and immunotherapy of bladder cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Nanomaterial-Enhanced Immunotherapy: Advancing T-Cell-Based Treatments for Bladder Cancer.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Temporal dynamics of immune cell patterns in bladder cancer patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Predicting response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Translational cancer research · 2024Review
- Spatial Distribution of Macrophage and Lymphocyte Subtypes within Tumor Microenvironment to Predict Recurrence of Non-Muscle-Invasive Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma after BCG Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Integrating the PD-L1 Prognostic Biomarker in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice-A Comprehensive Review on State-of-the-Art Advances and Critical Issues.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Treating BCG-Induced Cystitis with Combined Chondroitin and Hyaluronic Acid Instillations in Bladder Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer molecular subtypes predict differential response to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.Science translational medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Identification of the prognostic value of Th1/Th2 ratio and a novel prognostic signature in basal-like breast cancer.Hereditas · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Th1-type immunity is considered to be required for efficient response to BCG in bladder cancer, although Th2 predisposition of BCG responders has recently been reported. The aim was to evaluate the relationship of Th1 and Th2 components in 23 patients undergoing BCG treatment. Peripheral blood, serum and urine samples were prospectively collected at baseline, during and after BCG. Th1 (neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR), IL-12, IFN-γ, soluble TNF-R75 and IL-2Rα) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) biomarkers as well as CD4 expression in T helper (Th), effector and regulatory T cells were determined. Local immune cell subsets were measured on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry to examine expression of transcription factors that control Th1 (T-bet) and Th2-type (GATA3) immunity. We confirmed a Th2 predisposition with a mean GATA3/T-bet ratio of 5.51. BCG responders showed significantly higher levels of urinary (p = 0.003) and serum neopterin (p = 0.012), kynurenine (p = 0.015), KTR (p = 0.005), IFN-γ (p = 0.005) and IL-12 (p = 0.003) during therapy, whereas levels of IL-10 decreased significantly (p < 0.001) compared to non-responders. GATA3/T-bet ratio correlated positively with serum neopterin (p = 0.008), IFN-γ (p = 0.013) and KTR (p = 0.018) after the first BCG instillation. We observed a significant increase in CD4 expression in the Th cell population (p < 0.05), with only a modest tendency toward higher frequency in responders compared to non-responders (p = 0.303). The combined assessment of GATA3/T-bet ratio, neopterin and KTR may be a useful biomarker in predicting BCG response. Th2-promoting factors such as GATA3 may trigger Th1-type immune responses and thus contribute to the BCG success.
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