ArticleGenomics, proteomics & bioinformatics2016
Plant Proteins Are Smaller Because They Are Encoded by Fewer Exons than Animal Proteins.
Article in Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application of Proximity-Labeling Techniques in Plants: A Review of Successful Cases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Dissecting the High Esterase/Lipase Activity and Probiotic Traits inFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Conserved role for spliceosomal component PRPF40A in microexon splicing.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Genomic diversity and evolution of the Hawaiian Islands endemic Kokia (Malvaceae).G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Article
- Conserved role for spliceosomal component PRPF40A in microexon splicing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The genome of Haberlea rhodopensis provides insights into the mechanisms for tolerance to multiple extreme environments.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Cell Fractionation and the Identification of Host Proteins Involved in Plant-Virus Interactions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Sucrose synthase gene family in common bean during pod filling subjected to moisture restriction.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- Article
- Describing and characterizing theFrontiers in plant science · 2024Review
- Comprehensive Organ-Specific Profiling of Douglas Fir (Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Genome Evolution in Plants: Complex Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida).Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- A perspective from the EU: unintended genetic changes in plants caused by NGT-their relevance for a comprehensive molecular characterisation and risk assessment.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
- MFPPDB: a comprehensive multi-functional plant peptide database.Frontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Decoding the Virtual 2D Map of the Chloroplast Proteomes.Biological procedures online · 2022Article
- Genome sequencing reveals chromosome fusion and extensive expansion of genes related to secondary metabolism in Artemisia argyi.Plant biotechnology journal · 2022Article
- Phenotypic, Anatomical, and Diel Variation in Sugar Concentration Linked to Cell Wall Invertases in Common Bean Pod Racemes under Water Restriction.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- De novo whole-genome assembly of Chrysanthemum makinoi, a key wild chrysanthemum.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Insights from the first genome assembly of Onion (Allium cepa).G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- No Time for Transcription-Rapid Auxin Responses in Plants.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protein size is an important biochemical feature since longer proteins can harbor more domains and therefore can display more biological functionalities than shorter proteins. We found remarkable differences in protein length, exon structure, and domain count among different phylogenetic lineages. While eukaryotic proteins have an average size of 472 amino acid residues (aa), average protein sizes in plant genomes are smaller than those of animals and fungi. Proteins unique to plants are ∼81aa shorter than plant proteins conserved among other eukaryotic lineages. The smaller average size of plant proteins could neither be explained by endosymbiosis nor subcellular compartmentation nor exon size, but rather due to exon number. Metazoan proteins are encoded on average by ∼10 exons of small size [∼176 nucleotides (nt)]. Streptophyta have on average only ∼5.7 exons of medium size (∼230nt). Multicellular species code for large proteins by increasing the exon number, while most unicellular organisms employ rather larger exons (>400nt). Among subcellular compartments, membrane proteins are the largest (∼520aa), whereas the smallest proteins correspond to the gene ontology group of ribosome (∼240aa). Plant genes are encoded by half the number of exons and also contain fewer domains than animal proteins on average. Interestingly, endosymbiotic proteins that migrated to the plant nucleus became larger than their cyanobacterial orthologs. We thus conclude that plants have proteins larger than bacteria but smaller than animals or fungi. Compared to the average of eukaryotic species, plants have ∼34% more but ∼20% smaller proteins. This suggests that photosynthetic organisms are unique and deserve therefore special attention with regard to the evolutionary forces acting on their genomes and proteomes.
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