Trial reportJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2016
Effect of Reproductive History and Exogenous Hormone Use on Cognitive Function in Mid- and Late Life.
Trial report in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does Gender Influence the Relationship Between High Blood Pressure and Dementia? Highlighting Areas for Further Investigation.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Pooled it
- Age at last birth and risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis.Bioscience reports · 2019Pooled it
- Prospective study of reproductive span and menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive decline over 8 years in the Nurses' Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Causal effects of reproductive traits on cognitive function: A two-sample and multivariable mendelian randomization study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Women's reproductive life patterns, intrinsic capacity, and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Associations of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy with incident dementia risk: a population-based cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Lasting effects of oral contraceptives on fear responses to a safe context.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Reproductive health history and later life cognition in African Caribbean women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cognitive Function in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women: Implications for Considering Iron Supplementation.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A Case for estradiol: younger brains in women with earlier menarche and later menopause.GigaScience · 2025Article
- Lifetime estrogen exposure and domain-specific cognitive performance: results from the IGNITE study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Beyond Birth Control: The Neuroscience of Hormonal Contraceptives.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Research Note: The Association Between Parity and Odds of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementias Status.Demography · 2024Article
- Connections between reproductive health and cognitive aging among women enrolled in the HCHS/SOL and SOL-INCA.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Alzheimer's disease as a women's health challenge: a call for action on integrative precision medicine approaches.npj women's health · 2024Review
- Possible cognition changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review.Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2023Article
- Article
- Gender differences in the association between parity and cognitive function: Evidence from the UK biobank.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- [Cognitive and psychoemotional changes in menopausal transition: The possibility of medical correction].Problemy endokrinologii · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the association between reproductive history indicators of hormonal exposure, including reproductive period, pregnancy, and use of hormonal contraceptives, and mid- and late-life cognition in postmenopausal women.
designAnalysis of baseline data from two randomized clinical trials: the Women's Isoflavone Soy Health and the Early vs Late Intervention Trial of Estradiol.
settingUniversity academic research center.
participantsNaturally menopausal women (N = 830). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were uniformly evaluated using a cognitive battery and a structured reproductive history questionnaire. Outcomes were composite scores for verbal episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition. Reproductive variables included ages at pregnancies, menarche, and menopause; reproductive period; number of pregnancies; and use of hormones for contraception and menopausal symptoms. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate associations between cognitive scores (dependent variable) and reproductive factors (independent variables), adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, income, and education.
resultsOn multivariable modeling, age at menarche of 13 and older was inversely associated with global cognition (P = .05). Last pregnancy after age 35 was positively associated with verbal memory (P = .03). Use of hormonal contraceptives was positively associated with global cognition (P trend = .04), and verbal memory (P trend = .007). The association between hormonal contraceptive use and verbal memory and executive function was strongest for more than 10 years of use. Reproductive period was positively associated with global cognition (P = .04) and executive function (P = .04).
conclusionIn this sample of healthy postmenopausal women, reproductive life events related to sex hormones, including earlier age at menarche, later age at last pregnancy, longer reproductive period, and use of oral contraceptives are positively related to aspects of cognition in later life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.