ArticleFrontiers in immunology2016
Multimodal Regulation of NET Formation in Pregnancy: Progesterone Antagonizes the Pro-NETotic Effect of Estrogen and G-CSF.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Thrombolysis in massive and submassive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a systematic review.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2020Pooled it
- In vitro induction of NETosis: Comprehensive live imaging comparison and systematic review.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Lonicera japonica-Derived Nanovesicles Ameliorate Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation in Mice.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Profiling immune cell subsets in pediatric IgA vasculitis and immune thrombocytopenia: insights into disease pathogenesis and clinical correlates.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Peripheral Neutrophil Activation and Extracellular Trap Formation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Intersecting Roles of Estrogens and Neutrophils in Modulating Innate Immunity in Cancer.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Programmed cell death in lung cancer: mechanisms, immune responses, and therapeutics.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic, access-related, and periodontal factors associated with oral health-related quality of life among pregnant women in primary health care: a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Salivary Proteomic Signatures in Pregnant Women With Excessive Gingival Bleeding.Oral diseases · 2026Observational
- Neutrophils and NETosis in polycystic ovary syndrome: unraveling the immuno-metabolic thromboinflammatory axis.European journal of medical research · 2026Review
- The hormone-microbiota-NET framework in gynecologic diseases: evidence, controversies, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in gynecological disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in pregnancy complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Oral Contraceptive Pill Use is Associated with Lower Levels of Plasma Calprotectin in Premenopausal Women.Frontiers in lupus · 2026Article
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human pregnancy is associated with a mild pro-inflammatory state, characterized by circulatory neutrophil activation. In order to explore the mechanism underlying this alteration, we examined NETosis during normal gestation. Our data indicate that neutrophils exhibit a pro-NETotic state, modulated in a multimodal manner during pregnancy. In general, circulatory granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the levels of which increase during gestation, promotes neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Early in pregnancy, NETosis is enhanced by chorionic gonadotropin, whereas toward term is stimulated by estrogen. A complex interaction between estrogen and progesterone arises, wherein progesterone restrains the NETotic process. In this state, extensive histone citrullination is evident, yet full NETosis is inhibited. This coincides with the inability of neutrophil elastase to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and is regulated by progesterone. Our findings provide new insight concerning gestational and hormone-driven pathologies, since neutrophil recruitment, activation, and NET release could be associated with excessive endothelial and placental injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.