ArticleAnnals of emergency medicine2017
Comparison of Etomidate and Ketamine for Induction During Rapid Sequence Intubation of Adult Trauma Patients.
Article in Annals of emergency medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04291521 (Prospective Study of Induction Medications Used in the Rapid Sequence Intubation of Trauma Patients and a Comparison of Effects on Outcomes), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective Study of Induction Medications Used in the Rapid Sequence Intubation of Trauma Patients and a Comparison of Effects on Outcomes
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of ketamine versus etomidate for rapid sequence intubation of critically ill patients in terms of mortality and success rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical and experimental emergency medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of ketamine on emergency rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC emergency medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults.The New England journal of medicine · 2026Trial
- Use of etomidate in endotracheal intubations in the emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized clinical trial.Acta cirurgica brasileira · 2024Trial
- Clinical outcomes after a single induction dose of etomidate versus ketamine for emergency department sepsis intubation: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Etomidate versus ketamine for emergency endotracheal intubation: a randomized clinical trial.Intensive care medicine · 2022Trial
- Using Etomidate and Midazolam for Screening Colonoscopies Results in More Stable Hemodynamic Responses in Patients of All Ages.Gut and liver · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Noncritically Ill Adults.The New England journal of medicine · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Review
- Key strategies in trauma anesthesia for severe hemorrhage: a narrative review.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2026Review
- Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan for a Multicenter Randomized Trial of Ketamine vs Etomidate for Emergency Tracheal Intubation.CHEST critical care · 2025Article
- Evidence-based Emergency Tracheal Intubation.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- Review of Ventilation in Traumatic Brain Injury.Respiratory care · 2025Review
- Initial Diagnosis and Management of Acutely Elevated Intracranial Pressure.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2023Review
- Ketamine is not associated with more post-intubation hypotension than etomidate in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2022Article
- Endotracheal intubation sedation in the intensive care unit.World journal of critical care medicine · 2022Review
- Etomidate Compared to Ketamine for Induction during Rapid Sequence Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2022Review
- Etomidate affects spatial learning and memory and neuronal apoptosis of rats via MAPK/ERK pathway.American journal of translational research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveInduction doses of etomidate during rapid sequence intubation cause transient adrenal dysfunction, but its clinical significance on trauma patients is uncertain. Ketamine has emerged as an alternative for rapid sequence intubation induction. Among adult trauma patients intubated in the emergency department, we compare clinical outcomes among those induced with etomidate and ketamine.
methodsThe study entailed a retrospective evaluation of a 4-year (January 2011 to December 2014) period spanning an institutional protocol switch from etomidate to ketamine as the standard induction agent for adult trauma patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department of an academic Level I trauma center. The primary outcome was hospital mortality evaluated with multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for age, vital signs, and injury severity and mechanism. Secondary outcomes included ICU-free days and ventilator-free days evaluated with multivariable ordered logistic regression using the same covariates.
resultsThe analysis included 968 patients, including 526 with etomidate and 442 with ketamine. Hospital mortality was 20.4% among patients induced with ketamine compared with 17.3% among those induced with etomidate (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92 to 2.16). Patients induced with ketamine had ICU-free days (adjusted OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.00) and ventilator-free days (adjusted OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.20) similar to those of patients induced with etomidate.
conclusionIn this analysis spanning an institutional protocol switch from etomidate to ketamine as the standard rapid sequence intubation induction agent for adult trauma patients, patient-centered outcomes were similar for patients who received etomidate and ketamine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.