ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2017
Cesarean Section and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a Population-Based, Record-Linkage Study in California.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prenatal Smoking Exposures and Epigenome-Wide Methylation in Newborn Blood.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Pooled it
- Cesarean section and risk of childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2020Pooled it
- Phthalates measured at birth and risk of testicular cancer in adolescents and young adults.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- Mode of delivery and the risk of lymphoblastic leukemia during childhood-A Swedish population-based cohort study.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Molecular Reactivity in Maternal Pregnancy Blood and Neonatal Dried Blood Spots Is Associated with the Risk of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Associated with Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: A Scoping Review.Cancers · 2025Review
- The Influence of DNA Repair Genes and Prenatal Tobacco Exposure on Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Gene-Environment Interaction Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Magnitude of cesarean section and its associated factors among mothers who gave birth in public hospitals in East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Childhood B cell leukemia: Intercepting the paths to progression.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2024Review
- How aging influences the gut-bone marrow axis and alters hematopoietic stem cell regulation.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Different Levels of Therapeutic Strategies to Recover the Microbiome to Prevent/Delay Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) or Arrest Its Progression in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Racial and ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in childhood cancer incidence trends in the United States, 2000-2019.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Gene-Environment Analyses Reveal Novel Genetic Candidates with Prenatal Tobacco Exposure in Relation to Risk for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Birth by Cesarean Delivery and Development of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Article
- Outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the California Linkage Study of Early-Onset Cancers.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Influence of the Gut Microbiome in Paediatric Cancer Origin and Treatment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Exposure and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study in Pennsylvania, 2009-2017.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Interaction between maternal killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and offspring HLAs and susceptibility of childhood ALL.Blood advances · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The relationship of mode of delivery to risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is uncertain. After linking birth records and cancer registry data from California, we conducted a population-based case-control study to investigate the role of delivery by cesarean section (C-section) in the etiology of childhood ALL. This study included 5,081 cases and 18,927 matched controls born in 1978-2009; more detailed data were available on type of C-section (i.e., elective vs. emergency) for a subset of 1,552 cases and 5,688 controls. No association was observed between C-section overall and childhood ALL risk (<15 years of age), but elective C-section was associated with a significantly elevated risk of ALL (odds ratio (OR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.36). At the peak ages of ALL incidence (2-4 years), C-section was associated with an 11% higher risk of ALL (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22) compared with vaginal delivery, and the magnitude of the association was larger for elective C-section (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.70). Emergency C-section was not associated with childhood ALL. Because of design features minimizing nonparticipation and inaccurate recall, this record linkage-based study is less prone to bias. Our results suggest that delivery by elective C-section was associated with a higher risk of childhood ALL, especially at the peak ages of incidence. It is important to evaluate possible mechanisms, because this potential risk factor is modifiable.
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