ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2017
Parametric Mediational g-Formula Approach to Mediation Analysis with Time-varying Exposures, Mediators, and Confounders.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- HEART Camp Connect-Promoting adherence to exercise in adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.ESC heart failure · 2025Trial
- Mediation effects that emulate a target randomised trial: Simulation-based evaluation of ill-defined interventions on multiple mediators.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Trial
- Resilience and coping styles mediate the associations of autistic and ADHD traits with internet addiction in general adolescents.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metal Mixtures Mediate the Socioeconomic Gradient in Blood Pressure: A Four-Way Decomposition in a Prospective Rural Bangladeshi Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Shorter weeknight sleep duration mediates the relationship between earlier adrenarche and depressed mood in adolescents.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Practical challenges in mediation analysis: a guide for applied researchers.Health services & outcomes research methodology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal mediation analysis with multilevel and latent growth models: a separable effects causal approach.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Mediation of the Association Between Vascular Risk Factors and Depressive Symptoms by C-Reactive Protein.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- A Causal Mediation Model for Longitudinal Mediators and Survival Outcomes with an Application to Animal Behavior.Journal of agricultural, biological, and environmental statistics · 2023Article
- Causal mediation effects in single case experimental designs.Psychological methods · 2023Article
- Educational note: causal decomposition of population health differences using Monte Carlo integration and the g-formula.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Does weight mediate the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease? Parametric mediational g-formula analysis.PloS one · 2022Article
- Exploring the Causal Effect of Constipation on Parkinson's Disease Through Mediation Analysis of Microbial Data.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Modeling Cash Plus Other Psychosocial and Structural Interventions to Prevent HIV Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa (HPTN 068).AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- THE AUTHORS REPLY.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- CAUSAL MEDIATION ANALYSIS FOR SPARSE AND IRREGULAR LONGITUDINAL DATA.The annals of applied statistics · 2021Article
- G-Computation to Causal Mediation Analysis With Sequential Multiple Mediators-Investigating the Vulnerable Time Window of HBV Activity for the Mechanism of HCV Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Adult obesity and mid-life physical functioning in two British birth cohorts: investigating the mediating role of physical inactivity.International journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Atrial Fibrillation Treatment and Outcomes among Dialysis Patients in the United States.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
The assessment of direct and indirect effects with time-varying mediators and confounders is a common but challenging problem, and standard mediation analysis approaches are generally not applicable in this context. The mediational g-formula was recently proposed to address this problem, paired with a semiparametric estimation approach to evaluate longitudinal mediation effects empirically. In this article, we develop a parametric estimation approach to the mediational g-formula, including a feasible algorithm implemented in a freely available SAS macro. In the Framingham Heart Study data, we apply this method to estimate the interventional analogues of natural direct and indirect effects of smoking behaviors sustained over a 10-year period on blood pressure when considering weight change as a time-varying mediator. Compared with not smoking, smoking 20 cigarettes per day for 10 years was estimated to increase blood pressure by 1.2 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.7, 2.7). The direct effect was estimated to increase blood pressure by 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.3, 2.9), and the indirect effect was -0.3 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.5, -0.1), which is negative because smoking which is associated with lower weight is associated in turn with lower blood pressure. These results provide evidence that weight change in fact partially conceals the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on blood pressure. Our study represents, to our knowledge, the first application of the parametric mediational g-formula in an epidemiologic cohort study (see video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B159.).
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