ReviewEuropean journal of microbiology & immunology2016
Dissecting the Interplay Between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immunity in Health and Disease: Lessons Learned from Germfree and Gnotobiotic Animal Models.
Review in European journal of microbiology & immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmaco-psychiatry and gut microbiome: a systematic review of effects of psychotropic drugs for bipolar disorder.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Hyperimmune yolk extract with Immunoglobulin Y basic active principle as a possible adjuvant treatment in patients who need/benefit from neurorehabilitation, withJournal of medicine and life · 2022Pooled it
- Early Effect of Supplemented Infant Formulae on Intestinal Biomarkers and Microbiota: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- IgA deficiency reveals a microbiota-dependent pathway to gluten sensitivity.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Remotely Delivered Nutrition Interventions with or Without Physical Activity Interventions in Adults with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Targeted Nutrition for Healthy Aging: Mechanistic Roles of Polyphenols and Dietary Fiber in Geroscience.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Intratumoral microbiota in cancer: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Microbial and metabolic signatures of humanized microbiome mice associate withFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Innovative engineering approaches to model host-microbiome interactions in vitro.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Human Microbiome as an Immunoregulatory Axis: Mechanisms, Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Modulation.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Microbiome-derived metabolites in substance use disorders: Mechanisms and implications.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
- Distinct antibiotic treatment regimens differentially affect colonization resistance against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2025Article
- Stunting is associated with persistent and transferable alterations in the gut microbiome.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Vitamin biosynthesis in the gut: interplay between mammalian host and its resident microbiota.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Immune System Interactions in Autoimmune Diseases.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Microbial oncogenesis within the gastric niche: how the gastric microbiota influencesFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Interaction between gut microbiota and immunity in health and intestinal disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Leveraging beneficial microbiome-immune interactions via probiotic use in cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A systematic framework for understanding the microbiome in human health and disease: from basic principles to clinical translation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review elaborates the development of germfree and gnotobiotic animal models and their application in the scientific field to unravel mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions and distinct diseases. Strictly germfree animals are raised in isolators and not colonized by any organism at all. The germfree state is continuously maintained by birth, raising, housing and breeding under strict sterile conditions. However, isolator raised germfree mice are exposed to a stressful environment and exert an underdeveloped immune system. To circumvent these physiological disadvantages depletion of the bacterial microbiota in conventionally raised and housed mice by antibiotic treatment has become an alternative approach. While fungi and parasites are not affected by antibiosis, the bacterial microbiota in these "secondary abiotic mice" have been shown to be virtually eradicated. Recolonization of isolator raised germfree animals or secondary abiotic mice results in a gnotobiotic state. Both, germfree and gnotobiotic mice have been successfully used to investigate biological functions of the conventional microbiota in health and disease. Particularly for the development of novel clinical applications germfree mice are widely used tools, as summarized in this review further focusing on the modulation of bacterial microbiota in laboratory mice to better mimic conditions in the human host.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.