ArticleImmunity, inflammation and disease2016
Cofactors in allergic reactions to food: physical exercise and alcohol are the most important.
Article in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for severe reactions in food allergy: Rapid evidence review with meta-analysis.Allergy · 2022Pooled it
- Peanut Can Be Used as a Reference Allergen for Hazard Characterization in Food Allergen Risk Management: A Rapid Evidence Assessment and Meta-Analysis.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2022Pooled it
- WDEIA case series: Do unique clinical presentations suggest mechanistic differences?The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2026Article
- Real-life safety of peanut oral immunotherapy: Results from a French multicenter observational study.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2026Article
- Nutritional considerations for alpha-gal syndrome: a mini-review.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Review
- Self-reported accidental allergic reactions among patients with challenge-verified food allergy.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Article
- Mugwort sensitization and asthma as predictors of food-induced anaphylactic shock in children: a retrospective study in Northern China.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Article
- Comparison of Double-Blind and Open Food Challenges for the Diagnosis of Food Allergy in Childhood: The ALDORADO Study.Allergy · 2025Article
- Severe food allergy reactions are associated with α-tryptase.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Dietary Factors May Delay Tolerance Acquisition in Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis.Nutrients · 2023Observational
- Accidental allergic reactions to food in adolescents and adults: An overview of the factors involved and implications for prevention.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Article
- Food allergies and food-induced anaphylaxis: role of cofactors.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2021Article
- Comorbidities and Cofactors of Anaphylaxis in Patients with Moderate to Severe Anaphylaxis. Analysis of Data from the Anaphylaxis Registry for West Pomerania Province, Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Review
- Tick Saliva and the Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Finding a Needle in a Haystack.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Oral Immunotherapy in Children: Clinical Considerations and Practical Management.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2021Review
- Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Innovation in Food Challenge Tests for Food Allergy.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2018Review
- A novel Australian tickAsia Pacific allergy · 2018Article
- The potential of component-resolved diagnosis in laboratory diagnostics of allergy.Biochemia medica · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionInvolvement of cofactors, like physical exercise, alcohol consumption and use of several types of medication, are associated with more severe food allergic symptoms. However, there is limited evidence on how often cofactors play a role in food allergic reactions. The study aimed to get more insight into the frequency of exposure to cofactors and how often cofactors are associated with more severe symptoms in food allergic patients.
methodsA questionnaire was completed by patients visiting the Allergology outpatient clinic. Patients with food allergy were included. Outcome measures were the frequency of medication use of medication groups that might act as cofactor and the frequency that physical exercise, alcohol consumption and use of analgesics are associated with more severe food allergic symptoms.
resultsFour hundred ninety-six patients were included in the study. The frequency with which patients used one or more types of medication that might act as cofactors was 7.7%: antacids/acid neutralizing medication (5%), NSAIDs (2%), beta blockers (0.6%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (0.6%), and angiotensin receptor blockers (0.2%). Of all patients, 13% reported more severe symptoms to food after involvement of one or more of the cofactors: physical exercise (10%), alcohol consumption (5%), and use of analgesics (0.6%). Sixty-five percent did not know if these cofactors caused more severe symptoms; 22% reported that these cofactors had no effect.
conclusionsOnly a small percentage of patients (7.7%) used medication that might aggravate food allergic reactions. Physical exercise and alcohol consumption were the most frequently reported cofactors, but occurring still in only 10% or less.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.