Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27978770›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2017

The 20-Year Longitudinal Trajectories of Social Functioning in Individuals With Psychotic Disorders.

Eva Velthorst, Anne-Kathrin J Fett, Avraham Reichenberg, Greg Perlman, Jim van Os, Evelyn J Bromet, Roman Kotov

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 177 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
177citing papers in PubMed, 18 pooled it
14.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

177 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 303 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022
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  14. The link between formal thought disorder and social functioning in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2020
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  20. The association between relapse and the outcome of schizophrenia and recurrent psychotic disorders.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025
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117 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Eva VelthorstFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Anne-Kathrin J FettFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Avraham ReichenbergFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Greg PerlmanFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Jim van OsFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Evelyn J BrometFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Roman KotovFrom the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USEuropean Graduate School of Neuroscience · NLKing's College London · GB

Funding

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEWLY DIAGNOSED PSYCHOTIC DISORDERSR01MH044801 · NIMH · STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK STONY BROOK · PI BROMET, EVELYN J · 1989 to 2007
$5.0M
Trajectories of Aging in Psychotic Disorders Over 27 YearsR01MH110434 · NIMH · STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK STONY BROOK · PI KOTOV, ROMAN I · 2016 to 2020
$4.5M
Trajectories of recovery from psychosis over two decadesR01MH094398 · NIMH · STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK STONY BROOK · PI KOTOV, ROMAN I · 2011 to 2013
$2.2M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH044801NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH094398NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110434
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveSocial impairment is a long-recognized core feature of schizophrenia and is common in other psychotic disorders. Still, to date the long-term trajectories of social impairment in psychotic disorders have rarely been studied systematically.

methodsData came from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, a 20-year prospective study of first-admission patients with psychotic disorders. A never-psychotic comparison group was also assessed. Latent class growth analysis was applied to longitudinal data on social functioning from 485 respondents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychotic mood disorders, and associations of the empirically derived trajectories with premorbid social adjustment, diagnosis, and 20-year outcomes were examined.

resultsFour mostly stable trajectories of preserved (N=82; 59th percentile of comparison group sample distribution), moderately impaired (N=148; 17th percentile), severely impaired (N=181; 3rd percentile), and profoundly impaired (N=74; 1st percentile) functioning best described the 20-year course of social functioning across diagnoses. The outcome in the group with preserved functioning did not differ from that of never-psychotic individuals at 20 years, but the other groups functioned significantly worse. Differences among trajectories were already evident in childhood. The two most impaired trajectories started to diverge in early adolescence. Poorer social functioning trajectories were strongly associated with other real-world outcomes at 20 years. Multiple trajectories were represented within each disorder. However, more participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had impaired trajectories, and more with mood disorders had better functioning trajectories.

conclusionsThe results highlight substantial variability of social outcomes within diagnoses-albeit overall worse social outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders-and show remarkably stable long-term impairments in social functioning after illness onset across all diagnoses.

Indexed as

SchizophreniaSchizophrenic PsychologySocial ParticipationSocial SkillsSocial SupportAdolescentAdultBipolar DisorderDisease ProgressionFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMajor Depressive DisorderMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesMood Disorders-BipolarMood Disorders-UnipolarOutcome StudiesPsychosisSchizophreniaSocial Functioning

Identifiers

PMID27978770
PMCPMC5474222
OpenAlexW2567083674

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.