ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
Intercellular Extensions Are Induced by the Alphavirus Structural Proteins and Mediate Virus Transmission.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The life cycle of the alphaviruses: From an antiviral perspective.Antiviral research · 2023Pooled it
- The pathogenicity and virulence of Sindbis virus.Virulence · 2026Review
- Current status on encephalitic alphavirus vaccines development: Advances, challenges, and global health perspectives.Infectious medicine · 2026Review
- Unraveling chikungunya's viral tapestry through molecular mechanisms and clinical insights.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Review
- Induction of tunnelling nanotube-like structures by influenza A viruses requires the onset of apoptosis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- Current perspectives on alphavirus encapsidation, assembly and budding.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Type I interferon signaling in dendritic cells limits direct antigen presentation and CD8mBio · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence of chikungunya virus.Virulence · 2024Review
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis arenavirus utilises intercellular connections for cell to cell spread.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Rac1-PAK1-Arp2/3 signaling axis regulates CHIKV nsP1-induced filopodia and optimal viral genome replication.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Virus stealth technology: Tools to study virus cell-to-cell transmission.PLoS pathogens · 2024Review
- Distinct chikungunya virus polymerase palm subdomains contribute to viral protein accumulation and virion production.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Distinct chikungunya virus polymerase palm subdomains contribute to virus replication and virion assembly.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A role for tunneling nanotubes in virus spread.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Chikungunya virus cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by intercellular extensions in vitro and in vivo.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Positive-strand RNA viruses-a Keystone Symposia report.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Chikungunya virus assembly and budding visualized in situ using cryogenic electron tomography.Nature microbiology · 2022Article
- Embedding of HIV Egress within Cortical F-Actin.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alphaviruses are highly organized enveloped RNA viruses with an internal nucleocapsid surrounded by a membrane containing the E2 and E1 transmembrane proteins. Alphavirus budding takes place at the plasma membrane and requires the interaction of the cytoplasmic domain of E2 with the capsid protein. Here we used WT alphaviruses and Sindbis virus in which E2 was fused to a fluorescent protein to characterize virus exit from host cells. Our results show that alphavirus infection induced striking modifications of the host cell cytoskeleton and resulted in the formation of stable intercellular extensions that emanated exclusively from the infected cell. The intercellular extensions were long (> 10 μM), contained actin and tubulin, and formed flattened contacts with neighboring cells, but did not mediate membrane or cytoplasmic continuity between cells. Receptor down-regulation studies indicated that formation of stable extensions did not require the virus receptor, and that extensions promoted cell-to-cell virus transmission to receptor-depleted cells. Virus mutant experiments demonstrated that formation of extensions required the E2-capsid interaction but not active particle budding, while intercellular transmission of infection required the production of fusion-active virus particles. Protein expression studies showed that even in the absence of virus infection, the viral structural proteins alone induced intercellular extensions, and that these extensions were preferentially targeted to non-expressing cells. Together, our results identify a mechanism for alphavirus cell-to-cell transmission and define the key viral protein interactions that it requires.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.